Citing innovation expert Clayton Christensen, ASU's president explains that true transformation in legacy sectors like education requires disrupting from the core, not the periphery. This involves creating a new, differentiated institutional model rather than simply replacing old components through 'creative destruction'.

Adaptable organizations are built on curiosity. This is nurtured not by formal courses, but by leaders encouraging small, daily acts of connecting disparate ideas (e.g., "What did you see this weekend and how can we apply it?"). This builds the collective "mental muscle" for navigating disruption.

Unlike startups, institutions like CPPIB that must endure for 75+ years need to be the "exact opposite of a founder culture." The focus is on institutionalizing processes so the organization operates independently of any single individual, ensuring stability and succession over many generations of leadership.

Gamma maintains a flat, high-impact organization by eschewing traditional managers. Instead, all leaders are "player-coaches"—they actively contribute as individual contributors while also mentoring their teams. This keeps leadership close to the work and empowers teams to adapt quickly without top-down commands.

Contrary to the popular bottoms-up startup ethos, a top-down approach is crucial for speed in a large organization. It prevents fragmentation that arises from hundreds of teams pursuing separate initiatives, aligning everyone towards unified missions for faster, more coherent progress.

Forcing innovations to "scale" via top-down mandates often fails by robbing local teams of ownership. A better approach is to let good ideas "spread." If a solution is truly valuable, other teams will naturally adopt it. This pull-based model ensures change sticks and evolves.

ASU President Michael Crow argues that Ivy League schools are based on the colonial British model—small, elite, and fundamentally unscalable. This structure is insufficient for a large, modern democracy, which demands new university designs built for scale, speed, and broad accessibility.

Most elite universities measure quality by their low acceptance rates. ASU's President Michael Crow flipped this model, defining success by the number of students they include and support, arguing that exclusivity is an outdated, elitist metric that ill-serves a democracy.

Richard Thaler realized he couldn't convince his established peers of behavioral economics' merits. Instead, he focused on 'corrupting the youth' by creating a summer camp for top graduate students and writing accessible journal articles. This new generation then populated top universities and changed the field from within.