A chef notes that an eight-month wait for a single permit, while paying rent on an unopened restaurant, makes past systems of bribery seem preferable. The extreme financial bleed from slow bureaucracy creates a situation where a quick, corrupt alternative appears more economically viable.

Contemporary China, with its maniacal building, corrupt systems, and creation of immense entrepreneurial wealth, strongly resembles America's late 19th-century Gilded Age. This historical parallel suggests China may be heading towards its own "Progressive Era" of technocratic reform and civil service improvements.

In China's military, groups would collectively fund a promising officer's promotion, essentially "investing" in them. This gave the funders an option on a future revenue stream from corrupt activities and control over budgets once the officer was in power, with the CIA even allegedly participating to gain influence.

China's immense state capacity allows for rapid infrastructure development but also enables disastrous national policies like the one-child policy or Zero-COVID. Unlike the deliberative U.S. system, China's efficiency means that when it goes off track, it can go catastrophically off track before any course correction is possible.

Despite one of their key members, a deputy prime minister, being charged by anti-corruption authorities, the criminal syndicate continued its kickback scheme for several more months. This audacity suggests a deeply rooted belief that high-level connections would shield them from any real consequences, even with law enforcement closing in.

China operates as a high-agency "engineering state" that executes relentlessly on large-scale projects. In contrast, America's deliberative, litigious society often leads to endless delays and failures on major infrastructure goals like the California high-speed rail, highlighting a fundamental difference in state capacity and approach.

China's constant building of subways, high-speed rail, and parks provides tangible proof of national improvement. This "physical dynamism" creates a powerful sense of public optimism and builds political resilience for the Communist Party, a stark contrast to the stagnation felt in the U.S.

A nation's leadership class shapes its priorities. China's government, heavily populated by engineers, excels at long-term, systematic infrastructure and technology projects. The US, dominated by lawyers, often gets mired in litigation and short-term cycles, hindering large-scale execution.

With local government finances strained, there is talk of "deep sea fishing" campaigns where anti-corruption probes are used as a pretext. Officials target business people, sometimes from other jurisdictions, with the potential goal of finding wrongdoing that allows them to seize the company's assets and shore up their budgets.