Shweder argues that while Americans ideologically reject feudal hierarchy, they simultaneously discard its embedded principle of mutual care, where the powerful have a duty to protect the less powerful. In contrast, a free-market "survival of the fittest" mentality can erode this sense of communal obligation, atomizing individuals and weakening social bonds.

Societies with rampant polygyny suffered from "young male syndrome"—a surplus of unpartnered men causing chaos. Adopting monogamy as a cultural norm gave these men a stake in society, redirecting their energy from competition and violence towards family and community building, ultimately allowing those cultures to flourish.

The loss of unifying religious morality created an initial societal void. Social media then amplified this by exposing people to a tsunami of viewpoints, resulting in an 'infinite fracturing of frame of reference' and the creation of countless micro-tribes that erode social cohesion.

Contrary to popular belief, Christianity's monogamy isn't rooted in Judaism, which practiced polygyny. Instead, it was a strategic adoption of the prevailing Greco-Roman norm, a move crucial for the new religion to be taken seriously and spread within that society.

The Catholic Church financed the printing press to increase revenue, blind to its second-order effects. The same technology was later used by Martin Luther to mass-produce pamphlets that ignited the Protestant Reformation, undermining the church's authority.

Even for atheists, cherished Western ideals like tolerance, mercy, and humanism are not universal; they arose uniquely from Europe's Christian milieu. These values are a cultural inheritance, not a defiance of religion, and are fragile without their originating context.

A key transformative act of the Reformation was Martin Luther's push for clergy to marry. This dethroned the celibate monk as the pinnacle of Christian devotion and elevated the married pastor and his family as the new, accessible model for all believers to emulate.

Historically, marriage was a pragmatic institution for resource sharing, political alliances, and acquiring in-laws. The now-dominant concept of marrying for love and personal attraction is a relatively recent cultural development, primarily from the 18th and 19th centuries.

Once clergy were mandated to be celibate in the 12th century, the laity became the sole group sanctioned to practice sex. This logical division forced a theological shift, defining lay marriage primarily by its openness to procreation, a concept not central before this period.