Engineering leadership involves four distinct skills: Technical, Operations, Product, and Strategy. Since no single person excels at all four, organizations should build complementary leadership teams, pairing a visionary CTO with a process-driven VP of Engineering.

Z.AI's culture mandates that technical leaders, including the founder, remain hands-on practitioners. The AI field evolves too quickly for a delegated, hands-off management style to be effective. Leaders must personally run experiments and engage with research to make sound, timely decisions.

Base fosters a "chop wood, carry water" culture where leaders are still individual contributors. The founding team set this tone by writing the first code and installing the first batteries themselves. This ensures a hands-on, problem-solving mindset permeates the company as it scales.

Simply instructing engineers to "build AI" is ineffective. Leaders must develop hands-on proficiency with no-code tools to understand AI's capabilities and limitations. This direct experience provides the necessary context to guide technical teams, make bolder decisions, and avoid being misled.

The best leaders don't just stay high-level. They retain the ability to dive deep into technical details to solve critical problems. As shown by Apple's SVP of Software, this hands-on capability builds respect and leads to better outcomes, challenging the 'empower and get out of the way' mantra.

It's nearly impossible to hire senior product or engineering leaders who are also fluent in AI. The advice for experienced managers is to step back into an Individual Contributor (IC) role. This allows them to build hands-on AI skills, demonstrating the humility and beginner's mindset necessary to lead in this new era.

Building your own product forces you to confront technical realities like database migrations and architectural trade-offs. This firsthand experience provides deep empathy for engineering challenges, which in turn builds crucial credibility and improves collaboration with development teams.

The biggest scaling mistake is focusing on running up numbers while ignoring the underlying mindset. During its peak growth, Facebook put every new engineer through a six-week bootcamp not for immediate productivity, but to instill the company's culture. This investment in a shared mindset is what enables sustainable scaling, preventing the chaos that comes from rapid headcount growth.

When Facebook's growth stalled due to new engineers breaking the codebase, Zuckerberg instituted a mandatory, two-month bootcamp for all new engineers and PMs. This systemically solved the knowledge gap, allowing the team to scale effectively.