Mega-funds can justify paying "stupid prices" at the seed stage because they aren't underwriting a seed-stage return. Instead, they are buying an option on the next, much larger round where they'll deploy real capital. This allows them to outbid smaller funds who need to generate returns from the initial investment itself.

Prelude Growth Partners' framework avoids investments with product, category, or brand risk. Instead, they focus on opportunities where the primary uncertainty is execution, as they believe they can actively help mitigate that risk post-investment. This clarifies the type of risk growth capital should take on.

Y Combinator's model pushes companies to raise at high valuations, often bypassing traditional seed rounds. Simultaneously, mega-funds cherry-pick the most proven founders at prices seed funds cannot compete with. This leaves traditional seed funds fighting for a narrowing and less attractive middle ground.

The path from angel to large fund manager doesn't require a traditional start. When personal capital runs out, using SPVs for high-demand deals builds a track record and LP relationships. This deal-driven, bottoms-up approach can organically lead to raising a dedicated fund.

A common mistake in venture capital is investing too early based on founder pedigree or gut feel, which is akin to 'shooting in the dark'. A more disciplined private equity approach waits for companies to establish repeatable, business-driven key performance metrics before committing capital, reducing portfolio variance.

The most fulfilling and effective angel investments involve more than capital. Founders benefit most from investors who act as operators, offering hands-on help and staying involved in the business. This approach is more rewarding and can lead to better outcomes than passive check-writing.

Investors like Stacy Brown-Philpot and Aileen Lee now expect founders to demonstrate a clear, rapid path to massive scale early on. The old assumption that the next funding round would solve for scalability is gone; proof is required upfront.

Training at large institutional firms like Goldman Sachs provides a foundational skill set in commercial and financial diligence that is directly applicable to earlier-stage investing. The scale of the investment changes, but the core process for identifying and underwriting risks remains the same.

Elite seed funds investing in YC companies with millions in ARR are effectively pre-Series A investors. Their portfolio companies can become profitable and scale significantly on seed capital alone ("seed strapping"), making the traditional "Series A graduation rate" an outdated measure of a seed fund's success.