Xi Jinping's focus on a long arc of Chinese history and managing a near abroad from a position of strength connects him more to powerful Qing emperors like Kangxi and Qianlong than to the revolutionary Mao. This comparison highlights his goal of restoring China's historical predominance.

While early differences existed, the Christian East and West only began moving in truly different directions in the 11th century. Western reforms to make the priesthood more monastic—introducing clerical celibacy and papal infallibility—created practical divides that made the schism permanent.

Societal decline doesn't have to be a painful collapse. A wealthy culture can enjoy a long, comfortable "sunset period" by remaining open to importing technologies, ideas, and services from rising powers. The Byzantium Empire's 1000-year decline was sustained this way. The alternative is isolation and rapid decay.

Openness is a tool for dominance, not just a moral virtue. The Romans became powerful by being strategically tolerant, quickly abandoning their own methods when they found better ones elsewhere. This allowed them to constantly upgrade their military, technology, and knowledge from conquered peoples.

The two dominant powers, Rome and Persia, engaged in a decades-long, civilization-shattering war that left both empires fiscally and militarily broken. This created a massive power vacuum, allowing newly unified Arab tribes to expand with astonishing speed into unguarded territories.

Don't assume a sales call's purpose is universal. In some cultures, like Vietnam, the goal is deep information exchange, and meetings run long. In others, like Spain, the focus is on relationship-building over extended, informal dinners. Misreading this core objective will lead to failure.

Unlike Western Europe, where power was decentralized, Constantinople's strategic location naturally encouraged centralization. Its geographic dominance was so profound that it shaped both the Byzantine and Ottoman empires into highly centralized states, a rarity for the pre-modern world.

During the 5th and 6th centuries, celebrating the Nativity became a key way for the Byzantine church to counter debates about Christ's nature. The holiday served as a historical anchor, reinforcing that Jesus was a real person who lived, not a demigod or abstract spirit.

Faced with the shocking rise of the Arab Empire, Byzantines questioned if their use of religious icons was angering God. The success of the aniconic Arabs suggested that adopting a stricter, image-free worship might be the key to divine favor and military survival.