To build a durable business on top of foundation models, go beyond a simple API call. Gamma creates a moat by deeply owning an entire workflow (visual communication) and orchestrating over 20 different specialized AI models, each chosen for a specific sub-task in the user journey.

Instead of selling software to traditional industries, a more defensible approach is to build vertically integrated companies. This involves acquiring or starting a business in a non-sexy industry (e.g., a law firm, hospital) and rebuilding its entire operational stack with AI at its core, something a pure software vendor cannot do.

Simply offering the latest model is no longer a competitive advantage. True value is created in the system built around the model—the system prompts, tools, and overall scaffolding. This 'harness' is what optimizes a model's performance for specific tasks and delivers a superior user experience.

For specialized, high-stakes tasks like insurance underwriting, enterprises will favor smaller, on-prem models fine-tuned on proprietary data. These models can be faster, more accurate, and more secure than general-purpose frontier models, creating a lasting market for custom AI solutions.

Enterprises struggle to get value from AI due to a lack of iterative, data-science expertise. The winning model for AI companies isn't just selling APIs, but embedding "forward deployment" teams of engineers and scientists to co-create solutions, closing the gap between prototype and production value.

Most successful SaaS companies weren't built on new core tech, but by packaging existing tech (like databases or CRMs) into solutions for specific industries. AI is no different. The opportunity lies in unbundling a general tool like ChatGPT and rebundling its capabilities into vertical-specific products.

Counter to fears that foundation models will obsolete all apps, AI startups can build defensible businesses by embedding AI into unique workflows, owning the customer relationship, and creating network effects. This mirrors how top App Store apps succeeded despite Apple's platform dominance.

Off-the-shelf AI models can only go so far. The true bottleneck for enterprise adoption is "digitizing judgment"—capturing the unique, context-specific expertise of employees within that company. A document's meaning can change entirely from one company to another, requiring internal labeling.

The future of data analysis is conversational interfaces, but generic tools struggle. An AI must deeply understand the data's structure to be effective. Vertical-specific platforms (e.g., for marketing) have a huge advantage because they have pre-built connectors and an inherent understanding of the data model.