Go beyond analyzing the founding team by treating the entire employee base as a key asset. By measuring metrics like employee retention rates, hiring velocity, and geographical or role-based growth, investors can build a quantitative picture of a company's health and culture, providing a powerful comparative tool.

The market capitalization of the world's largest companies is overwhelmingly derived from non-physical assets like brand, intellectual property, and customer goodwill. Selling all of Coca-Cola's factories would yield far less value than retaining ownership of the name alone, proving that intangible meaning is the primary driver of modern enterprise value.

Vested's investment model gains an edge from proprietary data on employee sentiment and behavior. Signals like unsolicited negative comments, willingness to counter on price, or selling more shares than necessary provide unique insights into a company's health that traditional financial analysis lacks, forming a data moat.

Intangibles can be systematically analyzed by categorizing them into four key pillars: intellectual property, brand equity, human capital, and network effects. This framework helps investors move beyond traditional accounting metrics to assess a company's true value.

Traditional value metrics don't apply to crypto. However, an "intangible value" factor can be constructed by analyzing fundamental on-chain data—such as developer commits on GitHub, daily active wallets, and transaction volume—to identify undervalued projects.

When approached by large labs for licensing deals, GI's founder advises against simply selling the data. He argues the only way to accurately value a unique dataset is to model it yourself to understand its true capabilities. Without this, founders risk massively undervaluing their core asset, as its potential is unknown.

Traditional valuation multiples are increasingly misleading because GAAP rules expense intangible investments (R&D, brand building) rather than capitalizing them. For a company like Microsoft, properly capitalizing these investments can drop its P/E ratio from 35 to 30, revealing a more attractive valuation.

For over a decade, Sequoia has systematically asked top operators, 'Who are your five smartest peers?' By tracking responses in a proprietary CRM, they've built a talent map that functions like a 'PageRank for people.' This system allows them to assess engineering team quality deep within organizations, providing a unique diligence advantage.

Standard valuation models based on financial outputs (earnings, cash flow) are flawed because they ignore the most critical inputs: the CEO's value, brand strength, and company culture. These unquantifiable factors are the true drivers of long-term outperformance for companies like Apple.