Brené Brown's research shows courage can be learned, measured, and observed rather than being an innate quality. It comprises four skills, starting with clarifying and operationalizing your values. This makes leadership development more tangible and less about inherent personality traits.

Instead of trying to convince people of the importance of vulnerability, first have them identify their core values. They will naturally conclude that living up to those values (e.g., courage, excellence) requires them to embrace the uncertainty and risk inherent in vulnerability.

Shaka Senghor provides a powerful reframe of courage, arguing it is not the absence of fear. In fact, one cannot be courageous without first being afraid. Courage is simply the decision to move forward and take action in the presence of fear.

Courage cannot be demanded or simply listed as a corporate value. A leader's key role is to be a 'context architect,' creating the organizational conditions for brave behavior. This includes allowing for failure, resourcing experimentation, and embodying courage personally, thereby enabling the entire organization to act bravely.

The "lone hero" is a myth; bravery is supported by a network. Courageous individuals actively seek help, relying on four distinct categories of support: moral ("I've got your back"), informational ("here's what you need to know"), resource-based, and appraisal-based feedback.

Drawing inspiration from Antarctic explorer Ernest Shackleton, true optimism isn't a passive belief that things will work out. It's an active, courageous choice. In dire situations, a leader's decision to be optimistic is a strategic tool essential for survival and success.

Research on WWII resistance heroes found that a key predictive factor for taking life-threatening risks was simply being asked to help. This suggests that moral action is often a response to a direct social request within a community, rather than a pre-existing personality trait. Proactive asking is a catalyst for courage.

Morality is not a static trait you possess but a state you achieve through action. Engaging in pro-social behavior shapes your identity as a moral person, creating a virtuous cycle where action precedes and builds character, which can then inspire others.

Courage isn't the absence of fear but the decision to act despite it. This reframes bravery from a fixed personality characteristic to a skill that can be developed by choosing to lean into fear and not let it dictate actions.