Headline unemployment in India and Indonesia masks a deeper issue: underemployment. In India, 40% of the workforce is in the primary sector which produces less than 20% of GDP. In Indonesia, 60% of jobs are informal and pay below minimum wage, signaling a crisis of job quality, not just quantity.

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The unemployment rate for college-educated young men has surged to 7%, matching that of their peers without a degree. This parity indicates that a traditional degree's value in securing entry-level employment is eroding for this demographic, challenged by AI automation and increased competition from experienced workers.

While headline unemployment remains low, a subtle weakening is occurring through "job downgrading." Workers, particularly in warehouse and retail, are not being laid off but are seeing their weekly hours cut from 40-50 to 30-35. This loss of hours and overtime pay erodes their income and bargaining power without being reflected in official unemployment statistics.

The official unemployment rate is misleadingly low because when disgruntled workers give up looking for a job, they exit the labor force and are no longer counted as 'unemployed.' This artificially improves the headline number while masking underlying economic weakness and anger among young job seekers.

The minimum wage effectively makes it illegal for an employer to hire a worker whose skills are not yet worth the mandated hourly rate. This prevents young or unskilled individuals from accepting lower-paying jobs that would provide crucial skills and experience, trapping them in a cycle of unemployability.

Wage stagnation is not accidental but a result of two concurrent policies. By sending manufacturing jobs overseas and simultaneously bringing in low-wage labor, corporations create a market where domestic workers lose nearly all leverage to demand higher pay for remaining jobs.

Laid-off workers are increasingly turning to gig platforms like Uber instead of filing for unemployment. This trend artificially suppresses unemployment insurance (UI) claims, making this historically reliable indicator less effective at signaling rising joblessness and the true state of the labor market.

China faces a severe labor market mismatch. Over the last five years, the number of university graduates grew by 40% to nearly 12 million. Simultaneously, the economy shed 20 million jobs, creating a surplus of educated youth with limited opportunities and suppressed wages.

Despite strong export-led growth in Asia, the benefits did not trickle down to households. Weak household income and consumption prompted governments and central banks to implement fiscal support and monetary easing. This disconnect between headline GDP and domestic demand is a critical factor for understanding Asian economic policy.

Despite strong GDP and corporate profits, productivity gains are eliminating lower-skilled jobs. BlackRock's Rick Reeder warns this is creating a social problem where aggregate consumption looks healthy, but a segment of the population is being left behind, a dynamic he calls a "travesty."

Despite being one of the world's fastest-growing economies, India's projected 6.5% GDP growth is insufficient. It requires 7.5% growth just to keep unemployment stable and a staggering 12% to address widespread underemployment, revealing the immense scale of its labor market challenge.