Salient emotional events feel vivid and true, boosting our confidence in the memory. However, this confidence is often misleading. Each time we recall and "reconstruct" these memories, we create more opportunities for errors to creep in, making them factually less reliable than we believe.

From a young age, we suppress our authentic selves (intuition) to maintain connection with caregivers. This creates a lifelong pattern of seeking external validation over internal knowing, leading us to distrust our gut feelings.

Children are more rational Bayesians than scientists because they lack strong pre-existing beliefs (priors). This makes them more open to updating their views based on new, even unusual, evidence. Scientists' extensive experience makes them rationally stubborn, requiring more evidence to change their minds.

Early negative experiences, such as parental abuse, cause children to internalize blame. This creates a deeply ingrained subconscious program that they are inherently flawed, which dictates their reactions and self-perception for decades until it is consciously unraveled.

As you gain experience, your emotional biases don't vanish. Instead, they become more sophisticated, articulate, and adept at hiding within what appears to be rational analysis. This makes them even more dangerous over time, requiring constant vigilance to separate logic from emotion.

We are cognitively wired with a "truth bias," causing us to automatically assume that what we see and hear is true. We only engage in skeptical checking later, if at all. Scammers exploit this default state, ensnaring us before our slower, more deliberate thinking can kick in.

To counteract the brain's tendency to preserve existing conclusions, Charles Darwin deliberately considered evidence that contradicted his hypotheses. He was most rigorous when he felt most confident in an idea—a powerful, counterintuitive method for maintaining objectivity and avoiding confirmation bias.

A key reason biases persist is the 'bias blind spot': the tendency to recognize cognitive errors in others while failing to see them in ourselves. This overconfidence prevents individuals from adopting helpful decision-making tools or choice architecture, as they instinctively believe 'that's them, not me.'

Once people invest significant time, money, and social identity into a group or ideology, it becomes psychologically costly to admit it's wrong. This 'sunk cost' fallacy creates cognitive dissonance, causing people to double down on their beliefs rather than face the pain of a misguided investment.