When interviews and references leave you with ambiguity about a candidate, move beyond conversation. Invite them to analyze or work on a live investment or project. Observing their thought process and how they "underwrite" a decision provides unparalleled clarity on their actual abilities.

Since CEO candidates are already qualified, interviews should skip past achievements. Instead, boards should probe how candidates would navigate implausible but possible "black swan" scenarios, like sudden deglobalization or a tripling in capital costs, to truly test their strategic thinking and adaptability.

To understand a candidate's true drivers, ask them to walk through every major career decision they've made, from college choice to job changes. This narrative reveals patterns and motivations—such as status-chasing, financial incentives, or problem-solving focus—far more effectively than direct questions.

Instead of treating a resume as a list of facts, frame interviews around the story it tells. Ask "why" behind each job change and project choice to understand the candidate's motivations, self-awareness, and decision-making process. This reveals far more than a list of skills and accomplishments.

Prioritize candidates who have navigated difficult situations. They learn more from tough times than from being at a constantly successful company where mistakes might be masked by overall growth. Adversity builds crucial problem-solving skills and resilience that are invaluable to a growing organization.

To understand a candidate's perspective and definition of excellence, ask what criteria they would use to hire someone for the same position. This meta-question reveals their priorities, uncovers nuanced aspects of the role you may have missed, and improves your own hiring criteria.

Instead of asking hypothetical questions, present senior candidates with a real, complex problem your business is currently facing. The worst case is free consulting; the best case is finding someone who can implement the solution they devise.

Ditch standard FANG interview questions. Instead, ask candidates to describe a messy but valuable project they shipped. The best candidates will tell an authentic, automatic story with personal anecdotes. Their fluency and detail reveal true experience, whereas hesitation or generic answers expose a lack of depth.

Beyond IQ and EQ, interview for 'Resilience Quotient' (RQ)—the ability to persevere through setbacks. A key tactic is to ask candidates about their proudest achievement, then follow up with, 'What would you do differently?' to see how they navigated strife and learned from it.