Companies mistakenly bundle management with authority, forcing top performers onto a management track to gain influence. Separate them. Define management's role as coordination and context-sharing, allowing senior individual contributors to drive decisions without managing people.

A16z's decision to add Hollywood agent Michael Ovitz to their board was controversial but genius. It directly led to modeling the firm after Creative Artists Agency (CAA), a novel approach in venture capital. This shows the power of seeking board-level expertise from outside your industry to challenge core assumptions and unlock game-changing strategies.

A16z's foundational belief is that founders, not hired "professional CEOs," should lead their companies long-term. The firm is structured as a network of specialists to provide founders with the knowledge and connections they lack, enabling them to grow into the CEO role and succeed.

True innovation requires leaders to adopt a venture capital mindset, accepting that roughly nine out of ten initiatives will fail. This high tolerance for failure, mirroring professional investment odds, is a prerequisite for the psychological safety needed for breakthrough results.

VCs at the highest level don't just write checks; they fundamentally reset a founder's aspirations. By placing a startup in the lineage of giants like Google and Oracle, they shift the goal from building a big business to creating a generational company.

As companies scale, the "delivery" mindset (efficiency, spreadsheets) naturally pushes out the "discovery" mindset (creativity, poetry). A CEO's crucial role is to act as "discoverer-in-chief," protecting the innovation function from being suffocated by operational demands, which prevents the company from becoming obsolete.

Experience taught Herb Wagner that great leaders consistently surprise on the upside. He now weights leadership quality far more heavily, assessing CEOs not by interviews or charisma, but by their verifiable track record and through trusted backchannel references who have worked with them directly.

Exor's governance model focuses on finding the right leaders and then giving them space to execute. They review plans and organizational structures but avoid micromanagement, viewing their role as a supportive yet challenging partner to the CEOs of their portfolio companies.