Cues' initial product was a specialized AI design agent. However, they observed that users were more frequently uploading files to use it as a knowledge base. Recognizing this emergent behavior, they pivoted to a more horizontal product, which was key to their rapid growth and product-market fit.

A company with modest growth experimented with niche content for a small user segment, revealing a massive, underserved market. This led to a second, separate app that quickly surpassed the original product's revenue and drove hyper-growth, challenging the "focus on one thing" dogma.

Initial data suggested the market for design tools was too small to build a large business. Figma's founders bet on the trend that design was becoming a key business differentiator, which would force the market to expand. They focused on building for the trend, not the existing TAM.

Startups often fail by making a slightly better version of an incumbent's product. This is a losing strategy because the incumbent can easily adapt. The key is to build something so fundamentally different in structure that competitors have a very hard time copying it, ensuring a durable advantage.

Instead of being discouraged by over 100 rejections, Canva's founder treated each one as a data point. She added new slides to her pitch deck to pre-emptively address every objection—such as market size or competition—making the pitch stronger and more compelling with each "no."

While tools like Miro serve many use cases adequately, they are a "bad fit for all of them." The future of canvas tools lies in vertical-specific applications that go deeper on a single use case (e.g., pharmaceutical workflows, remote onboarding), offering a more powerful, tailored feature set that a generic tool cannot match.

When facing massive incumbents, avoid the trap of creating a slightly better version of their product. Instead, focus on being fundamentally different. Gamma chose to break the 16x9 slide paradigm that PowerPoint established, creating new primitives for visual communication.

Don't fight battles you can't win. For a product like Evernote, competing with free, pre-installed apps like Apple Notes for casual users is a losing proposition. The winning strategy is to focus on the advanced user segment whose complex needs justify paying for a more powerful tool.