A fascinating meta-learning loop emerged where an LLM provides real-time 'quality checks' to human subject-matter experts. This helps them learn the novel skill of how to effectively teach and 'stump' another AI, bridging the gap between their domain expertise and the mechanics of model training.

Training AI agents to execute multi-step business workflows demands a new data paradigm. Companies create reinforcement learning (RL) environments—mini world models of business processes—where agents learn by attempting tasks, a more advanced method than simple prompt-completion training (SFT/RLHF).

AI labs like Anthropic find that mid-tier models can be trained with reinforcement learning to outperform their largest, most expensive models in just a few months, accelerating the pace of capability improvements.

Instead of manually refining a complex prompt, create a process where an AI agent evaluates its own output. By providing a framework for self-critique, including quantitative scores and qualitative reasoning, the AI can iteratively enhance its own system instructions and achieve a much stronger result.

Beyond supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and human feedback (RLHF), reinforcement learning (RL) in simulated environments is the next evolution. These "playgrounds" teach models to handle messy, multi-step, real-world tasks where current models often fail catastrophically.

The frontier of AI training is moving beyond humans ranking model outputs (RLHF). Now, high-skilled experts create detailed success criteria (like rubrics or unit tests), which an AI then uses to provide feedback to the main model at scale, a process called RLAIF.

Unlike coding with its verifiable unit tests, complex legal work lacks a binary success metric. Harvey addresses this reinforcement learning challenge by treating senior partner feedback and edits as the "reward function," mirroring how quality is judged in the real world. The ultimate verification is long-term success, like a merger avoiding future litigation.

Research shows that, similar to humans, LLMs respond to positive reinforcement. Including encouraging phrases like "take a deep breath" or "go get 'em, Slugger" in prompts is a deliberate technique called "emotion prompting" that can measurably improve the quality and performance of the AI's output.

As reinforcement learning (RL) techniques mature, the core challenge shifts from the algorithm to the problem definition. The competitive moat for AI companies will be their ability to create high-fidelity environments and benchmarks that accurately represent complex, real-world tasks, effectively teaching the AI what matters.