Asking users for solutions yields incremental ideas like "faster horses." Instead, ask them to tell detailed stories about their workflow. This narrative approach uncovers the true context, pain points, and decision journeys that direct questions miss, leading to breakthrough insights about the actual problem to be solved.

Customers, like founders, have a gap between their stated beliefs and actual behaviors. Instead of relying on discovery interviews, watch them work. Observing their actions reveals their true operating philosophy—what they genuinely value—which is a more reliable guide for product development than what they say.

Standard "discovery interviews" are often a form of "playing founder." It's arrogant to believe a few 30-minute conversations can yield the deep insights needed to build a game-changing product. True understanding comes from immersing yourself in the customer's work, not just casually interviewing them.

Customers describe an idealized version of their world in interviews. To understand their true problems and workflows, you must be physically present. This uncovers the crucial gap between their perception and day-to-day reality.

While interviews yielded feature ideas, observing inspectors in the field ("ride-alongs") revealed the true bottleneck: hours spent writing reports at home. This insight allowed Spectora to ignore superficial requests and focus on the core workflow efficiency problem, which became their key marketing pillar.

A GSB receptionist's casual chats with alumni revealed the program's long-term "fine wine" value—a strategic insight that formal surveys often miss. This shows how empowering frontline employees to listen can uncover profound user truths.

While AI efficiently transcribes user interviews, true customer insight comes from ethnographic research—observing users in their natural environment. What people say is often different from their actual behavior. Don't let AI tools create a false sense of understanding that replaces direct observation.

If a sales sprint results in confusing data and you can't figure out why some prospects are interested and others aren't, the answer isn't more calls. The next step is to go in-person and shadow a potential customer for a day. Direct, firsthand observation will reveal more ground truth than months of interviews.

It's not enough for platform PMs to interview their direct users (developers). To build truly enabling platforms, you must also gain wider context by sitting in on the developers' own customer interviews. This provides deep empathy for the entire value chain, leading to better platform decisions.