Amphenol runs as a federation of autonomous business units. This structure is key to its M&A success, as acquired companies retain their brand, culture, and customer intimacy. Sellers prefer Amphenol because they know their business won't be suffocated by a monolithic corporate hierarchy.

To reignite growth, Supercell created two distinct operating models. Teams managing existing hit games adopted a 'scale-up' playbook, focusing on iteration with larger teams. Teams developing new titles operated like independent 'startups,' focused on high-risk innovation with small, agile teams.

A founder-centric startup studio model, where operators get significant equity in each venture, creates silos and hinders cross-selling. A more effective model is for the parent entity to own 100% of each incubated company, with leadership hired at the top level to manage the portfolio, enabling a unified customer strategy.

Vercel created a separate business unit for its AI tool, V0, because it targets a different audience (PMs, designers) and needed to operate with extreme speed, unburdened by the decision-making processes of the larger 700-person parent company.

The key to effective portfolio entrepreneurship isn't random diversification. It's about serving the same customer segment across multiple products. This creates a cohesive ecosystem where each new offering benefits from compounding knowledge and trust, making many things feel like one thing.

In a multi-product company, horizontal teams naturally prioritize mature, high-impact businesses. Structuring teams vertically with P&L ownership for each product, even nascent ones, ensures dedicated focus and accountability, preventing smaller initiatives from being starved of resources.

Block restructured from divisional GMs to a functional organization (Engineering, Product, Design) across all brands. This creates a single shared roadmap and forces alignment, enabling cross-unit collaboration that was difficult when incentives were siloed in separate P&Ls.

Despite fewer resources, smaller enterprises often succeed with ABM where large tech fails. Their success stems from faster alignment between sales and marketing, fewer layers of bureaucracy, and the agility to create and execute campaigns quickly without being bogged down by silos.

Contrary to typical platform strategy, Harness sells its modules separately. This prevents weak products from hiding inside a bundle and creates intense internal accountability. It forces each team to compete and win on its own merits, ensuring customers only buy what delivers real value.