Experian uses a federated model where central functions like technology set global standards for security and governance, while regional CEOs adapt products to local economic contexts and regulations. This balances efficiency with market relevance.

To accelerate AI adoption, Block intentionally dismantled its siloed General Manager (GM) structure, which had given autonomy to units like Cash App. They centralized into a functional organization to drive engineering excellence, unify policies, and create a strong foundation for a company-wide AI transformation.

Paradoxically, the deeply decentralized Fairfax learned that centralization can be a tool to improve its core model. They consolidated four underperforming subsidiaries to align them with Fairfax's guiding principles. Once this cultural foundation was set, they could be successfully decentralized again with more autonomy and better results.

Amphenol runs as a federation of autonomous business units. This structure is key to its M&A success, as acquired companies retain their brand, culture, and customer intimacy. Sellers prefer Amphenol because they know their business won't be suffocated by a monolithic corporate hierarchy.

The firm avoids the pitfalls of scale by organizing into small, autonomous investment groups (e.g., crypto, infra). This design, inspired by early Hewlett-Packard, provides the speed of a small team with the power of a large institution's brand and capital.

Rippling structures teams into business units led by GMs who oversee product, sales, and implementation. This is driven by the belief that a unified team focused on a specific customer problem (e.g., IT) delivers a superior end-to-end experience compared to a traditional matrixed organization.

Block restructured from divisional GMs to a functional organization (Engineering, Product, Design) across all brands. This creates a single shared roadmap and forces alignment, enabling cross-unit collaboration that was difficult when incentives were siloed in separate P&Ls.

Yahoo's CEO rejects the "media vs. tech" label, defining the company as a "product company." Their turnaround strategy treats brands like Yahoo Finance and Sports as independent businesses competing in their own categories, a conglomerate model that allows each unit to focus and innovate.

To maintain agility while scaling, A16Z models itself after the original Hewlett-Packard, operating as a series of small, autonomous groups (e.g., crypto, infra). This structure blends the power and resources of a large organization with the speed and ownership of a small one.