For projects requiring hundreds of millions, fundraising should be split into phases. The initial "pre-industrialization" phase, focused on proving technology, is suited for venture capital. Later phases for manufacturing and scaling should target project finance structures with debt/equity combinations and strategic partners.

Instead of building its final passenger jet, Boom first developed a smaller, sub-scale prototype to prove its Mach 2.2 technology. This startup-like, sequential approach proves the core concept at a much lower cost, making the capital-intensive project more manageable and fundable.

For startups adopting AI, the most effective starting point is not a massive overhaul. Instead, focus on a single, high-value process unit like a bioreactor. Use its clean, organized data to apply simple predictive models, demonstrate measurable ROI, and build organizational confidence before expanding.

For mission-critical industries where downtime costs millions, a 'rip-and-replace' sales approach is a non-starter. Calcetra plans to first run its thermal battery alongside a customer's existing gas burners. This proves reliability and builds trust before asking for a full transition, significantly lowering the barrier to adoption.

Before committing large sums to a volatile market, companies should launch a small business like a portable feed mill. This allows them to learn the real operational challenges and unwritten rules with minimal financial exposure before scaling.

Sirian validated its market by securing five paid pilot agreements from large manufacturers based on its vision and understanding of customer pain points. This approach proved market demand and de-risked the venture before significant engineering investment, a powerful strategy for enterprise-focused founders.

After massive cost overruns on traditional nuclear projects, no utility will build a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) alone. The only viable path forward is for a tech giant to provide both a purchase agreement for the power and direct equity investment in the SMR manufacturer to fund capital expenditures.

Unlike traditional fermentation where moving to larger tanks introduces significant process variability, photosynthetic systems using photobioreactors scale modularly. Companies can simply add more units ("scaling out"), which minimizes performance differences and de-risks the transition to commercial-scale manufacturing.

Instead of making a large, debt-heavy leap like buying a new property, founders facing a capacity bottleneck should identify the smallest possible step that meaningfully increases output. This could mean subletting space or a short-term lease to test new capacity before committing significant capital.