Elite performers are biased toward execution, so they rush to solve obstacles identified in pre-mortems without validating them first. This “curse of competence” creates a blind spot. The crucial first step is to “prosecute the problem”—rigorously question if the perceived obstacle is real or just an outdated assumption.

Structured analysis works when you can theorize potential causes and test them. However, for problems where the causes are "unknown unknowns," design thinking is superior. It starts with user empathy and observation to build a theory from the ground up, rather than imposing one prematurely.

An action-biased culture pushes us to solve problems immediately. A more sustainable approach is a three-step process: Uncover the underlying belief, Unpack why it exists and how it has served you, and only then Unblock by reframing it and taking new action.

Just as PMs are warned against solution-bias, the same discipline applies to problems. The goal is not just to find one problem, but to find multiple, then assess which is most valuable, strategically aligned, and worth pursuing for the right audience before committing resources.

Focus on the root cause (the "first-order issue") rather than symptoms or a long to-do list. Solving this core problem, like fixing website technology instead of cutting content, often resolves multiple downstream issues simultaneously.

A common leadership trap is feeling the need to be the smartest person with all the answers. The more leveraged skill is ensuring the organization focuses on solving the right problem. As Einstein noted, defining the question correctly is the majority of the work toward the solution.

Instead of accepting the first answer to a problem, this framework from Toyota's founder involves asking 'why' five consecutive times. This process drills down past surface-level symptoms to uncover the fundamental issue, a crucial skill in a world of information overload.

When feeling stuck, start with your desired outcome and work backward. Ask: What action is needed? What feeling enables that action? What thought or belief creates that feeling? This process quickly reveals if your current beliefs are misaligned with your goals, pinpointing where to reframe.

The most common failure in problem-solving is rushing past defining ("State") and structuring the problem to get to the more gratifying "Solution" phase. A disciplined, multi-stage process forces a shift from instinctive (System 1) to deliberative (System 2) thinking, preventing premature and often flawed solutions.