Engineering leadership involves four distinct skills: Technical, Operations, Product, and Strategy. Since no single person excels at all four, organizations should build complementary leadership teams, pairing a visionary CTO with a process-driven VP of Engineering.

A senior engineer's greatest impact often comes not from being the deepest technical expert, but from having enough context across multiple domains (marketing, PR, engineering) to act as a translator. They synthesize information and help teams with deep expertise navigate complex, cross-functional decisions.

To become a more effective leader with a holistic business view, deliberately seek experience across various interconnected functions like operations, marketing, and sales. This strategy prevents the narrow perspective that often limits specialized leaders, even if it requires taking lateral or junior roles to learn.

The path to senior engineering levels is tied to the scope of your work's influence. Rather than explicitly seeking promotions, focus on projects with natural potential to grow from solving a team's problem to solving an organization's. The promotions will follow the impact.

To quickly gain a broad, foundational understanding of an adjacent field, read their interview prep books. An engineer reading a PM interview book will get a superficial but wide-ranging grasp of product thinking. This builds empathy and enables more productive conversations with cross-functional partners.

When hiring for the C-suite, the importance of domain expertise varies by role. For Chief Product Officers, a deep passion and knowledge of the problem space is critical for setting vision. For engineering leaders (CTOs/VPs), specific domain experience is less important than relevant tech stack knowledge and transformation skills.

Mentoring's value increases when done outside your direct org. It becomes a two-way street: you learn about other parts of the business, and you can plant seeds of influence and better engineering practices that can grow and spread organically throughout the company.

An engineering background provides strong first-principles thinking for a CEO. However, to effectively scale a company, engineer founders must elevate their identity to become a specialist in all business functions—sales, policy, recruiting—not just product.

To avoid becoming an "ivory tower" manager, engineering leaders should use side projects as a playground for new technologies. This practice ensures they understand the limitations of new tools like AI and can provide credible, concrete, hands-on guidance to their teams.