Semiconductor equipment makers like ASML are largely shielded from China-specific export controls. Their business is driven by total global demand for chips, not the location of production. A fab not built in China due to sanctions will simply be built elsewhere, leading to a substitution effect where the equipment sale still occurs.
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Reports of China building a working EUV lithography machine are misleading. The effort appears to be an assembly of smuggled components from ASML's existing supply chain, not a story of domestic innovation. This frames the primary challenge as one of export control evasion rather than a rapid technological leap by China.
Evaluating export controls by asking if China is still advancing is the wrong metric. The true test is the counterfactual: where would China be *without* the restrictions? The controls act as a significant handicap in a competitive race, not a complete stop, and it's highly likely China would be ahead of the U.S. in AI without them.
The most significant sanctions loophole isn't physical chip smuggling but 'compute smuggling.' Chinese firms establish shell companies to build and operate data centers in neutral countries like Malaysia. They then access this cutting-edge compute power remotely, completely bypassing physical import restrictions on advanced hardware.
While NVIDIA laments lost revenue from export controls, those same policies blocked its primary Chinese competitor, Huawei, from accessing TSMC's advanced manufacturing. This prevented Huawei from launching a competing 7nm GPU, preserving NVIDIA's market dominance in China.
Instead of crippling China, aggressive US sanctions and tech restrictions are having the opposite effect. They have forced China to accelerate its own domestic R&D and manufacturing for advanced technologies like microchips. This is creating a more powerful and self-sufficient competitor that will not be reliant on the West.
Limiting chip exports to certain nations will force them to develop their own parallel hardware and software. This bifurcation creates a new global competitor and risks making the West's technology stack obsolete if the rival ecosystem becomes dominant.
Contrary to their intent, U.S. export controls on AI chips have backfired. Instead of crippling China's AI development, the restrictions provided the necessary incentive for China to aggressively invest in and accelerate its own semiconductor industry, potentially eroding the U.S.'s long-term competitive advantage.
China's semiconductor strategy is not merely to reverse-engineer Western technology like ASML's. It's a well-funded "primacy race" to develop novel, AI-driven lithography systems. This approach aims to create superior, not just parallel, manufacturing capabilities to gain global economic leverage.
Despite Nvidia CEO Jensen Huang's claim of being "100% out of China," the company is experiencing massive, unexplained business growth in neighboring Singapore and Malaysia. This suggests these countries may be acting as intermediary hubs to quietly funnel chips into the Chinese market, bypassing direct restrictions.
U.S. export controls on advanced semiconductors, intended to slow China, have instead galvanized its domestic industry. The restrictions accelerated China's existing push for self-sufficiency, forcing local companies to innovate with less advanced chips and develop their own GPU and manufacturing capabilities, diminishing the policy's long-term effectiveness.
