It is significantly more difficult to step in as a non-founder CEO than to build a business from scratch. The new leader must contend with inherited business inertia, a pre-existing culture shaped by the founder, and constant comparisons, making transformative change much harder.

In a project-based company, salespeople are heroes for closing large, complex, custom projects. This incentive structure is directly opposed to a product model that requires standardization. The transition to product will fail unless sales compensation and culture are realigned to favor standard product sales.

As a company grows, its old operational systems and processes ('plumbing') become obsolete. True scaling is not about addition; it's about reinvention. This involves systematically removing outdated processes designed for a smaller scale and replacing them entirely.

Technically-minded founders often believe superior technology is the ultimate measure of success. The critical metamorphosis is realizing the market only rewards a great business model, measured by revenue and margins, not technical elegance. Appreciating go-to-market is essential.

When fundamental market changes make your business model obsolete, incremental changes aren't enough. You must consider how your underlying talent and expertise can be repackaged into a completely different business, like turning a tech platform into a consulting service.

Business model innovation is a third, often-overlooked pillar of success alongside product and go-to-market. A novel business model can unlock better unit economics, align incentives with customers, and dictate the entire product and operational strategy.

Entrepreneurs quit when they hit a predictable rough patch, mistaking it for a flaw. SaaS is slow to start, e-commerce has cash flow issues, services are people-heavy. Success requires pushing through your chosen model's inherent difficulty, not switching to another.

Metropolis couldn't sell its SaaS solution to incumbent parking operators because their business model relied on inefficient labor. These companies operate like staffing agencies on a cost-plus model, creating a fundamental disincentive to adopt tech that would reduce their core revenue stream.

Instead of large, multi-year software rollouts, organizations should break down business objectives (e.g., shifting revenue to digital) into functional needs. This enables a modular, agile approach where technology solves specific problems for individual teams, delivering benefits in weeks, not years.