fMRI studies show the brain's pleasure centers activate when consuming high-status products, releasing dopamine. This proves the pursuit of status is a measurable biological function, not a sign of vanity. Critiquing it as a moral flaw is as misguided as the Victorian-era demand for chastity.

Our perception of sensing then reacting is an illusion. The brain constantly predicts the next moment based on past experiences, preparing actions before sensory information fully arrives. This predictive process is far more efficient than constantly reacting to the world from scratch, meaning we act first, then sense.

The neural systems evolved for physical survival—managing pain, fear, and strategic threats—are the same ones activated during modern stressors like workplace arguments or relationship conflicts. The challenges have changed from starvation to spreadsheets, but the underlying brain hardware hasn't.

Single-cell brain atlases reveal that subcortical "steering" regions have a vastly greater diversity of cell types than the more uniform cortex. This supports the idea that our innate drives and reflexes are encoded in complex, genetically pre-wired circuits, while the cortex is a more general-purpose learning architecture.

It is a profound mystery how evolution hardcodes abstract social desires (e.g., reputation) into our genome. Unlike simple sensory rewards, these require complex cognitive processing to even identify. Solving this could unlock powerful new methods for instilling robust, high-level values in AI systems.

In humans, learning a new skill is a highly conscious process that becomes unconscious once mastered. This suggests a link between learning and consciousness. The error signals and reward functions in machine learning could be computational analogues to the valenced experiences (pain/pleasure) that drive biological learning.

Emotions are not superfluous but are a critical, hardcoded value function shaped by evolution. The example of a patient losing emotional capacity and becoming unable to make decisions highlights this. This suggests our 'gut feelings' are a robust system for guiding actions, a mechanism current AI lacks.

Emotions act as a robust, evolutionarily-programmed value function guiding human decision-making. The absence of this function, as seen in brain damage cases, leads to a breakdown in practical agency. This suggests a similar mechanism may be crucial for creating effective and stable AI agents.

Effective learning isn't data storage. Neuroscientist Mary Helen Imordino-Yang argues that our emotional thought processes become a "hat stand" for information. To retrieve the facts, we re-experience the associated emotion, making subjective engagement central to memory.