Throughout their violent conquest and feuds, the Spanish were remarkably legalistic. They constantly sought royal charters, had judges pronounce verdicts, handed down indictments, and appealed for pardons. This obsession with legal process coexisted bizarrely with their extralegal violence and betrayal, used to legitimize their actions.

History’s most shocking atrocities are defined less by their authoritarian leaders and more by the 'giant blob of enablers' who facilitate them. The current political climate demonstrates this, where professionals and politicians abdicate their expertise and principles to avoid conflict, becoming complicit in the process and allowing destructive ideologies to gain power.

A population can be habituated to war through gradual escalation. By starting with seemingly small, contained "lightning strikes," each subsequent step feels less shocking. This incremental approach can lead a nation into a major conflict without a single decisive moment of public debate or consent.

Lying is an inherent function of all powerful institutions throughout history, not an exception. Meetings in government often focus on 'what' to tell the public, not 'how' to tell the truth. Examples like asbestos in baby powder and the dangers of opioids show a pattern of denial that can last for decades before the truth is admitted.

Dick Cheney justified harsh interrogation techniques not by downplaying them, but by reframing the debate as a stark moral choice. He posed a question: 'Are you going to ransom lives for your honor? Or are you going to do your job?' This rhetoric positioned torture as a necessary, albeit unpleasant, duty to prevent future attacks, rather than a legal or ethical violation.

For decades, British politicians viewed the "Irish Question" as solved, leading to a profound lack of interest and oversight. This ignorance allowed systemic discrimination against Catholics in Northern Ireland to continue unchecked within the UK's borders.

Operation Demetrius, the 1971 policy of imprisoning IRA suspects without trial, was an unmitigated disaster. The British army used outdated police files, missing most active IRA leaders while arresting innocent people, including elderly men inactive since 1916 and a teenager whose only crime was playing Gaelic games.

Governments can use the "problem-reaction-solution" model. By allowing a disruptive group to cause public outrage, they create demand for action. The government then introduces broad, restrictive laws, ostensibly to solve the initial problem, but which are ultimately used to curtail civil liberties for everyone.

PM Ted Heath authorized internment despite military advisors warning it would fail. The decision was purely political: Heath felt he had to support the Northern Irish Prime Minister's request to avoid the politically unpopular alternative of imposing direct rule from London, prioritizing expediency over sound strategy.