While writing enabled literature, its initial large-scale driver was administration. The Sumerians quickly developed sophisticated numeracy and bookkeeping to manage tithes, track goods, and run their city-states. This established accounting as a foundational use of the written word.
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Though the scripts look completely different, hieroglyphs emerged after cuneiform was established. This suggests Egyptian travelers or diplomats encountered the *idea* of writing in Mesopotamia. They then developed their own system using culturally relevant pretty pictures instead of adopting abstract cuneiform signs.
As tools like Zapier become more powerful, clerical workers will increasingly take on tasks resembling basic scripting or macro creation. This shifts their skillset toward technical problem-solving, blurring the line between administrative work and development and creating a new class of worker.
Similar to the Rosetta Stone, scholars cracked cuneiform using a monument with the same text in three languages. They first decoded the simpler Old Persian script by identifying repeating patterns like kings' titles, then used that knowledge to unlock the more complex Babylonian text.
Despite the hype around AI's coding prowess, an OpenAI study reveals it is a niche activity on consumer plans, accounting for only 4% of messages. The vast majority of usage is for more practical, everyday guidance like writing help, information seeking, and general advice.
The city wasn't simply bad at accounting; it effectively had no centralized system. Finances were tracked on scraps of paper and in drawers, making it impossible to know the true state of its debt. This systemic failure, not just policy choices, made the collapse inevitable.
An ancient tablet recounting the flood story omits phrases like "he said," which are standard in later texts. This suggests it was a script for a live narrator performing different character voices, capturing literature at the exact moment it was transitioning from oral performance to written text.
Cuneiform began as pictographs for simple records like "three bottles of milk." Its revolutionary leap was using those symbols to represent sounds (syllables), enabling the writing of abstract thought, complex grammar, and literature that pictures alone could not capture.
A cuneiform tablet from 1700 BC, predating the Old Testament by a millennium, tells a nearly identical flood story. The Babylonian version attributes the flood to gods annoyed by human noise, whereas Judean authors later repurposed the narrative to be about a single God punishing humanity for its sins.
Major technological shifts create new industries in unpredictable ways. The spreadsheet automated manual financial modeling, revealing massive inefficiencies in companies. This enabled private equity firms to acquire businesses, streamline operations using this new tool, and extract value, effectively birthing the modern PE industry.
Accounting's true value for many MBA graduates isn't immediate. Professor Ed DeHaan frames it as the foundational "language of business" that becomes indispensable 5-10 years post-graduation. This fluency is critical for navigating senior management and boardroom discussions, where strategy is articulated through financial statements.
