Contradicting ECB President Lagarde, Morgan Stanley's economists believe the disinflationary process in the Euro Area is not over. They forecast an underlying output gap will cause inflation to undershoot its 2% target, necessitating two more rate cuts from the ECB in 2026.
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In 2026, major central banks will diverge significantly. The U.S. Fed and ECB are expected to cut rates in response to slowing growth and disinflation. In stark contrast, the Bank of Japan is poised to hike rates as it finally achieves reflation, making it the sole hawkish outlier among developed market central banks.
A historical review places 2026 in the second-lowest decile for central bank rate activity (hikes/cuts). This data strongly suggests a contained FX volatility environment, as significant vol spikes historically occur only during periods of extremely high or low central bank intervention.
ECB President Lagarde's statement that disinflation is over is likely a backward-looking comment on the progress from 10% inflation. However, the ECB’s own forward-looking forecasts project inflation will fall below its 2% target, suggesting that future rate cuts are more likely than the confident public rhetoric implies.
Contrary to conventional wisdom, a rate cut is not automatically negative for a currency. In economies like Sweden or the Eurozone, a cut can be perceived as growth-positive, thereby supporting the currency. This contrasts with situations like New Zealand, where cuts are a response to poor data and are thus currency-negative, highlighting the importance of economic context.
The market is pricing in approximately three more rate cuts for next year, totaling around 110 basis points. However, J.P. Morgan's analysis, supported by the Fed's own dot plot, suggests only one additional cut is likely, indicating that current market pricing for easing is too aggressive.
The Fed's recent hawkish comments are likely a communication strategy to manage market certainty about a December rate cut, rather than a fundamental policy shift. The firm's economist still anticipates a cut, and the market prices in three cuts over 12 months, suggesting the overall easing backdrop remains intact for Emerging Markets.
When questioned on the effectiveness of one 25bps cut for the labor market, Fed Chair Powell replied it would do "nothing" but that "it's the path that matters." This statement implies the Fed is not making a one-off adjustment but beginning a deliberate easing cycle.
The Fed projects the unemployment rate will average 4.5% in Q4—a significant increase—yet it only forecasts one additional rate cut in 2026. This inconsistency suggests the Fed may be forced to deliver more cuts than currently communicated if its own unemployment scenario materializes.
As China's domestic growth slows, it is flooding the world, particularly Europe, with cheap exports. This acts as a powerful disinflationary force that may compel the European Central Bank (ECB) to cut interest rates sooner than anticipated, regardless of their current hawkish rhetoric.
The disinflationary impact from goods prices has largely run its course in emerging markets. The remaining inflation is concentrated in the service sector, which is sticky and less responsive to monetary policy. This structural shift means the broad rate-cutting cycle is nearing its end, as central banks have limited tools to address services inflation.