Charles Koch believes going public would have made their success impossible. Public markets demand simple, industry-focused stories, which would have prevented their complex, long-term strategy of expanding based on capabilities—a model that would have been misunderstood and undervalued by analysts.

Bending Spoons' M&A strategy came from realizing that creating a startup from scratch (zero-to-one) is heavily luck-dependent. In contrast, scaling an existing business (one-to-N) relies on functional skills like engineering and marketing that can be systematically mastered and applied across acquisitions.

Scale creates a powerful barrier to entry in logistics. A dominant provider with a vast network can add a new, specific service (like pallets for celery) to its existing operations far more cheaply than a new competitor could build a network for that single service, effectively locking out competition.

Investor Henry Ellenbogen favors two types of competitive advantages. First, hard-to-replicate physical assets like distribution networks, which are messy and time-consuming to build. Second, “soft” moats built on elite human systems for talent development, operational excellence (like the Danaher Business System), and sharp capital allocation. These are harder to see but just as powerful as physical scale.

When searching for a business to acquire, focusing on industry-agnostic criteria like market size and longevity is more effective than sticking to familiar sectors. This approach opens up overlooked but durable markets, like home services, rather than limiting options based on a founder's prior experience.

In a generalist model, learnings from one industry rarely transfer to the next. Sector specialists benefit from compounding knowledge, where every lesson from one deal is directly applied to the next. This accelerates expertise and creates a powerful, self-reinforcing playbook for value creation.

Companies like Amazon (from books to cloud) and Intuitive Surgical (from one specific surgery to many) became massive winners by creating new markets, not just conquering existing ones. Investors should prioritize businesses with the innovative capacity to expand their TAM, as initial market sizes are often misleadingly small.

Instead of diversifying randomly, a more effective strategy is to expand into adjacent verticals. Leverage your existing, happy clients for introductions into these parallel industries. This approach uses your established credibility and relationships as a bridge to new markets, lowering the barrier to entry.

Botha compares great companies to empires, defined by two traits: "flexible borders," meaning they constantly push into new and unanticipated categories, and "relentless ambition." This continuous expansion and drive to dominate is fueled by the power that comes from generating profits.