Sperm whale vocalizations contain discrete, non-continuous sound patterns analogous to human vowels and even diphthongs. This discreteness is a critical building block for complex language, as it allows for clear, combinable units of meaning (like the difference between "bot" and "beat"). This suggests their communication system is more structured than previously understood.

No language is 'perfect' because its evolution is a trade-off. Speakers tend toward efficiency and simplification (slurring), while hearers require clarity and precision. This constant tug-of-war drives linguistic change, explaining why languages are always in flux.

Creole languages, born from language contact, strip away needless complexities like grammatical gender and irregular verbs. They are radically easier to learn than older, "gunked up" languages yet remain fully expressive, making them a model of efficient linguistic design.

Focusing solely on making communication faster or shorter is a mistake. Communication ultimately fails if the recipient doesn't interpret the message as the sender intended. The true goal is creating shared understanding, which accounts for the recipient's personal context and perspective, not just transmitting data efficiently.

Thought is fundamentally non-linguistic. Evidence from babies, animals, and how we handle homophones shows that we conceptualize the world first, then translate those concepts into language for communication. Language evolved to express thought, not to be the medium of thought itself.

A language's global status is a function of the social, political, and economic power of its speakers. English, once considered a "crude" language spoken on an island, spread through imperialism and the economic rise of English-speaking nations, not because it is an inherently better or simpler language.

While linguistic diversity is celebrated, from a purely utilitarian perspective, a single global language would be the most efficient system for humanity. The existence of 7,000 languages is an accident of historical separation, not a designed feature for optimal communication or flourishing.

Gesturing doesn't just help the audience; it measurably benefits the speaker. Studies show that using hand gestures while speaking lowers one's own cognitive load, resulting in fewer pauses, faster speech, and the use of more sophisticated vocabulary. Inhibiting gestures makes explaining complex topics harder.

Unlike the past, when languages could diverge into new forms within centuries, modern widespread literacy and constant media exposure act as a brake on linguistic change. English in a thousand years may still be largely comprehensible to us, a stark contrast to previous rates of evolution.