Schools ban AI like ChatGPT fearing it's a tool for cheating, but this is profoundly shortsighted. The quality of an AI's output is entirely dependent on the critical thinking behind the user's input. This makes AI the first truly scalable tool for teaching children how to think critically, a skill far more valuable than memorization.

Both the host and guest argue that the education system prioritizes memorization and regurgitation over critical thinking. True learning and problem-solving skills are often only developed after formal schooling, in real-world situations that demand independent thought rather than repeated answers.

A study of graduates from Sudbury Valley School, where students direct their own learning without grades, found they succeed in college. Lacking a traditional academic background was less important than the self-reliance, problem-solving skills, and personal responsibility they had developed.

True learning requires "transcendent thinking"—the natural drive to find deeper meaning beyond surface details. This involves grappling with a subject's history, hidden intentions, values, and alternative future possibilities, connecting concrete information to bigger ideas and stories.

Instead of teaching decision-making in isolation, education should integrate skills like counterfactual thinking directly into core subjects. Analyzing literature by asking, "What if Macbeth had chosen a different option?" makes the material more engaging and teaches critical thinking simultaneously.

Traditional education focuses on solving well-defined problems, a task increasingly handled by AI. The crucial skill for the next generation is creativity and Socratic dialogue—the ability to ask the right questions and imagine what the future could look like.

Many schools prioritize general skills over specific historical knowledge. This approach, exemplified by Illinois' sparse history standards, leaves students without the foundational understanding necessary to be informed citizens, even in well-funded schools.

Young people may be less engaged in protests about foundational governance because they don't find them emotionally compelling or "fashionable." This contrasts with their high engagement in specific social justice causes. This gap can be attributed to the decline of civics education, leaving a generation disconnected from the importance of governmental structures like the rule of law.

Schools often stick to an outdated canon not by choice, but as a defensive move against parental fear and book-banning efforts. Author Shannon Hale argues parents are familiar with classics and view them as 'safe,' preventing teachers from introducing more relatable contemporary literature.