Experian uses a federated model where central functions like technology set global standards for security and governance, while regional CEOs adapt products to local economic contexts and regulations. This balances efficiency with market relevance.

Decentralized acquirer Amitech maintains a central team of "black belts," who are experts in operational excellence. These specialists are deployed to subsidiaries to run "Kaizen events," helping them eliminate waste and improve processes. This model combines the autonomy of decentralization with the benefits of centralized expertise.

Nestle avoids a rigid top-down approach by fostering a "hive mind" mentality. While a global strategy exists, local markets like Brazil and Mexico have autonomy to adapt to their unique cultures. The key is constant cross-market communication, where teams share successes and failures to ensure everyone evolves together.

A one-size-fits-all approach stifles innovation in global companies. To build trust and adapt effectively, leaders must empower local teams with decision-making authority. This respects crucial market-specific cultural nuances and consumer behaviors.

Home Depot's decentralized model gives regional presidents significant autonomy but with clear, unspoken boundaries—the "invisible fence." This fosters local ownership and agility while ensuring alignment with core company principles. Crossing the line results in a "zap," maintaining strategic cohesion without micromanagement.

A core 3G management principle is for leadership to define the strategic goals (the "what"). However, teams are given complete autonomy to determine the execution methods (the "how"). This pushes decision-making closer to the problems and attracts top talent who thrive on freedom and problem-solving.

To maintain the autonomy of its portfolio companies, Lagercrantz employs an extremely decentralized model. The parent company provides minimal overhead, centralizing only three core functions: banking relationships, insurance policies, and financial auditing. All other functions, including HR, remain at the individual company level, empowering local CEOs.

To scale effectively, don't bottleneck knowledge with the CEO. Invest in specialized coaches, consultants, and mastermind groups for your department leaders. This empowers them to solve problems and develop their teams directly, as building the people is what ultimately builds the business.

The CEO drives Holcim's performance culture with three simple, constantly repeated rules. 1) Focus only on what the team can control. 2) Actively fight the complacency that comes from success. 3) Use internal and external benchmarking to inspire improvement and replicate best practices.