The melody for "The Star-Spangled Banner" was not original but an English tune called "The Anacreontic Song." It was the official song for a London-based amateur musicians' club. This well-known melody was frequently repurposed for new lyrics, a common practice at the time for creating so-called "broadside ballads."

"God Save the King" first gained widespread popularity as a pro-Hanoverian anthem in the autumn of 1745. It was performed nightly in London theaters to rally support for King George II against the invading army of Bonnie Prince Charlie.

The melody for "Das Lied der Deutschen" was not originally German. It was composed in 1797 by Austrian Joseph Haydn as a patriotic hymn for the Habsburg Emperor, titled "God save Franz the emperor," inspired by Britain's "God Save the King."

Abolitionists repurposed the popular tune of "The Star-Spangled Banner" for their own cause. In 1844, the newspaper "The Liberator" published lyrics highlighting the hypocrisy of a nation that condoned slavery, asking "O say, do you hear... the shrieks of those bondsmen?" while a banner with "stars mocking freedom is fitfully gleaming."

Instead of replacing the Weimar Republic's anthem, the Nazis reinterpreted its first verse for their ideology and elevated their own party song, the "Horst-Wessel-Lied," to co-anthem status. This created a dual-anthem system blending traditional nationalism with specific Nazi party veneration.

The concept of a national anthem as an "audible national symbol" was pioneered by Britain. After the Napoleonic Wars, the tune of "God Save the King" was so influential that around 20 other countries, from Prussia to Hawaii, adopted its melody for their own anthems.

"God Save the King," now a symbol of the British establishment, began as a Jacobite anthem supporting the Stuart dynasty. It was co-opted by the ruling Hanoverians during the 1745 uprising, effectively making the anthem a "turncoat."

During the Napoleonic Wars, Britain responded to France's secular "Marseillaise" by terming "God Save the King" a national "anthem." This deliberately Christianized the song, positioning it as an ideological counterpoint to what they saw as France's militant atheism.

The Dutch national anthem features its hero, William of Orange, pledging loyalty to the very Spanish king he fought. This reflects the early modern difficulty of conceiving rebellion against a divinely anointed monarch, forcing rebels into complex ideological justifications.