A decade ago, 88% of a tech company's value was created post-IPO. For recent IPOs, 55% of the market cap creation happened while the company was still private, fundamentally changing where investors capture growth.

A few massive, highly anticipated IPOs like SpaceX are expected to absorb tens of billions in investor capital. This concentration of demand creates a difficult environment for smaller tech companies, as mutual funds and other large investors have a finite capacity for new stocks, crowding out other contenders.

In the 1980s, companies like Apple went public early as a fundraising necessity, allowing public investors to capture most of the growth. Today, robust private markets mean companies stay private longer, making IPOs primarily a liquidity event for insiders and VCs, with less upside left for the public.

For highly-capitalized companies like SpaceX and OpenAI, bankers are designing new IPO structures. Instead of standard 90-180 day lockup periods, they're planning staggered share releases over a longer timeframe to manage immense selling pressure from a large base of private shareholders and prevent post-IPO stock volatility.

Anthropic's S-1 filing, coupled with IPO rumors for SpaceX and OpenAI, indicates a strategic rush among tech's most valuable private firms to access public funds. This is likely driven by the immense capital required for AI development and a desire to capture investor enthusiasm first.

For many large companies today, an IPO's primary purpose has shifted from raising growth capital—which is readily available in private markets—to creating liquidity for early investors and employees. The public offering acts as a valuation marker and an exit opportunity, not a funding necessity.

Counterintuitively, the compliance burden for an IPO increases dramatically with revenue. Companies over $1B face rigorous PCOB compliance, requiring years of building out teams and processes, unlike pre-revenue firms that can go public more simply.

By applying for a national bank charter, fintech Mercury is forced to implement the rigorous financial controls and governance structures—like quarterly financials and audit committees—that are required of a public company. This process serves as a "stealth" preparation, making a future IPO much smoother.

The process of going public establishes a clear market price for a company, an act of 'price discovery.' This transparency, combined with the discipline of quarterly reporting, can make a company a more attractive and straightforward acquisition target, as seen with Slack.