Adding Medium-Chain Triglyceride (MCT) oil to exogenous ketone supplements (like BHB salts or esters) leads to a higher and more prolonged elevation of blood ketone levels than taking either substance alone. The MCT oil slows the absorption of the supplemental ketones, extending their effect.

The Omega-3 Index, a measure of omega-3 levels in red blood cells, is a powerful predictor of longevity. Observational data shows that individuals with an index of 8% have a five-year longer life expectancy compared to those with a 4% index, a level common among people on a standard American diet.

Dr. Patrick highlights the COSMOS trials, a series of three large, randomized controlled trials. They found that older adults (65+) taking a standard multivitamin (Centrum Silver) for a year experienced a reduction in global brain aging by ~2.1 years and episodic memory aging by ~4.9 years.

Urolithin A, a powerful compound for mitochondrial health, is produced by gut bacteria after eating pomegranates. However, half the population lacks the necessary microbiome to perform this conversion, making direct supplementation the only reliable way to get its benefits.

Urolithin A, a postbiotic that promotes mitochondrial health, is naturally produced from foods like pomegranates. However, individual gut bacteria variability means production differs widely. Direct supplementation provides a more reliable and consistent dose to achieve its benefits.

Constant daily intake of some longevity molecules can have counteracting side effects. For example, taking resveratrol every other day showed a greater lifespan extension in mice than daily intake. Pulsing supplements provides a hormetic stress without constant interference.

Not all fish oil is beneficial; polyunsaturated fats are prone to oxidation, which can be harmful. Consumers should consult third-party testers like IFOS and specifically look for a TOTOX (total oxidation) value under 10 to ensure the product is potent and free from rancid, inflammatory fats.

Like olive oil, omega-3 fish oil supplements are susceptible to heat and can become oxidized and rancid, negating their benefits. A study found 95% of popular supplements exceeded normal oxidation levels. To preserve their efficacy, they should be refrigerated immediately after purchase.

Standard glutathione supplements are largely a waste of money because the body lacks a transporter to get it inside cells. To be effective, the supplement must be in a "liposomal" form, which encapsulates the molecule so it can fuse with the cell and be utilized.