A critical challenge for the military is maintaining aging equipment when original suppliers no longer exist. Advanced, flexible factories can reverse-engineer and produce these 'obsolete parts' on demand, solving a critical maintenance bottleneck for in-service submarines and other legacy systems.

While designed to build drones at the point of need, Firestorm's containerized 3D-printing factory is proving invaluable for manufacturing basic repair parts for other military hardware. It can print a replacement for a simple part like a coolant tank that otherwise has a 10-month supply chain lead time.

Modern factories like Hadrian's use software not just for automation but for agility. This allows them to quickly reconfigure production lines for small batches of highly varied parts ('high mix, low volume'), a necessity for complex systems like submarines where components are not mass-produced.

For military applications, ICON found that speed of deployment and durability ('survivability') are more critical than cost savings. Their tech also reduces the need for complex supply chains and skilled labor in remote, hostile environments, a key advantage for defense customers.

The Pentagon is moving away from decades-long, multi-billion dollar projects like aircraft carriers. The new focus is on mass-produced, attributable, low-cost systems like drones, which allows for faster innovation and deployment from new defense tech startups, not just the old primes.

Thanks to a >10x improvement in cost productivity over the last decade, additive manufacturing (3D printing) has become the more affordable option for complex metal structures in aerospace and defense for production runs up to 10,000 units per year.

Instead of trucking waste to a central facility, Mothership Materials deploys modular, low-energy processing units in shipping containers directly to the waste source (e.g., a winery). This co-location model deconstructs traditional manufacturing, collapsing the supply chain, reducing costs, and enabling a more agile, regional production system.

The decisive advantage in future conflicts will not be just technological superiority, but the ability to mass-produce weapons efficiently. After decades of offshoring manufacturing, re-industrializing the US to produce hardware at scale is Anduril's core strategic focus, viewing the factory itself as the ultimate weapon.

Defense tech startup Terra is building separate manufacturing hubs across Africa instead of a central one. This strategy is driven by the continent's diverse security challenges. Different regions require different hardware—like desert drones for West Africa versus maritime USVs for East Africa—making localized production and expertise essential.