Identifying a stock trading below its intrinsic value is only the first step. To avoid "value traps" (stocks that stay cheap forever), investors must also identify a specific catalyst that will unlock its value over a reasonable timeframe, typically 2-4 years.

Contrary to the dominant narrative focused on US tech giants, data shows European banks and a global deep value approach have outperformed the 'Mag 7' over the last one, three, and five years. This highlights the importance of looking beyond popular headlines for actual investment performance.

A powerful EM strategy involves identifying businesses with proven, powerful models from developed markets, like American Tower. Local EM investor bases may not be familiar with the model's potential, creating an opportunity to buy these companies at a displaced valuation before their predictable results drive multiple expansion.

Countries like Poland, which transitioned to capitalism relatively recently, are under-followed by global investors. This creates opportunities to find "boring compounder" stocks, such as supermarket chain Dino Polska, at attractive valuations. These businesses are often run by outsider CEOs and are insulated from global hype cycles like AI.

A successful 15-year strategy of overweighting US equities was reconsidered when the P/E multiple discount for the rest of the world reached an unprecedented 40%. This shows that even the most durable investment theses have valuation limits that trigger a strategic shift toward more balanced, benchmark-like weights.

The firm prioritizes businesses with hard-to-replicate assets (tangible scarcity like a railroad) or moats (intangible scarcity like a brand). This focus on durable competitive advantages, which they term "scarcity," precedes a search for purely quantitative value metrics.

Empirical studies show that the strongest investment returns don't come from insider buying or value investing in isolation. The key is the combination: systematically buying stocks that exhibit C-suite insider purchasing and also rank in the cheapest deciles based on quantitative value metrics.

A global value strategy has two components. Defensively, it avoids the most expensive markets, mitigating valuation risk. Offensively, it allocates capital to cheaper, neglected markets, positioning the portfolio to capture significant upside when market sentiment eventually rotates.

Across 200 years and 56 countries, the single most important factor for long-term investing success is the starting valuation. Buying portfolios with low P/E ratios or high dividend yields consistently outperforms buying expensive assets by 3-4% annually over the long run.