With 10x more neurons going to the eye than from it, the brain actively predicts reality and uses sensory input primarily to correct errors. This explains phantom sensations, like feeling a stair that isn't there, where the brain's simulation briefly overrides sensory fact.
Related Insights
We see a minuscule fraction (0.0035%) of the electromagnetic spectrum, meaning our perception of physical reality is already an abstraction. When applied to complex human behaviors, objective "truth" becomes nearly impossible to discern, as it's filtered through cognitive shortcuts and biases.
Our perception of sensing then reacting is an illusion. The brain constantly predicts the next moment based on past experiences, preparing actions before sensory information fully arrives. This predictive process is far more efficient than constantly reacting to the world from scratch, meaning we act first, then sense.
The RAS in your brain acts as a filter, showing you information that aligns with your core beliefs. If you adopt the belief 'I am a lucky person,' your RAS will start pointing out opportunities that were always there but previously filtered out. This is the neuroscience behind 'creating your own luck.'
Evolution by natural selection is not a theory of how consciousness arose from matter. Instead, it's a theory that explains *why our interface is the way it is*. Our perceptions were shaped by fitness payoffs to help us survive *within the simulation*, not to perceive truth outside of it. The theory is valid, but its domain is the interface.
In humans, learning a new skill is a highly conscious process that becomes unconscious once mastered. This suggests a link between learning and consciousness. The error signals and reward functions in machine learning could be computational analogues to the valenced experiences (pain/pleasure) that drive biological learning.
The brain doesn't strive for objective, verbatim recall. Instead, it constantly updates and modifies memories, infusing them with emotional context and takeaways. This process isn't a bug; its purpose is to create useful models to guide future decisions and ensure survival.
We don't perceive reality directly; our brain constructs a predictive model, filling in gaps and warping sensory input to help us act. Augmented reality isn't a tech fad but an intuitive evolution of this biological process, superimposing new data onto our brain's existing "controlled model" of the world.
We often assume our thoughts cause our feelings. However, the body frequently experiences a physical state first (e.g., anxiety from adrenaline), and the conscious mind then creates a plausible narrative to explain that feeling. This means the "reason" you feel anxious or unmotivated may be a story, not the root physical cause.
Physiological responses, like a caffeine-withdrawal headache, occur because the brain predicts an event (coffee intake) and preemptively adjusts the body's state (dilating blood vessels). When the expected event doesn't happen, the preparatory physical action causes symptoms. This shows how expectation directly drives our physical reality.
Cognitive scientist Donald Hoffman argues that spacetime and physical objects are a "headset" or VR game, like Grand Theft Auto. This interface evolved to help us survive by hiding overwhelming complexity, not to show us objective truth. Our scientific theories have only studied this interface, not reality itself.