In communist China, parent-led 'matchmaking corners' in public parks have emerged to combat low marriage rates. With many buyers and sellers, no barriers to entry, and zero transaction costs, these markets ironically serve as a real-world example of a perfectly efficient market, a core capitalist theory.

The requirement for specific car seats, while saving ~58 children's lives annually, statistically averts an estimated 10,000 births. This happens because families cannot afford to upgrade their vehicles to accommodate more children safely and legally, highlighting how minor regulations can have significant demographic effects.

When a society's most aspirational role models (e.g., K-pop stars) are contractually celibate and childless, it creates a powerful cultural script against coupling and family formation. This mimetic effect can significantly impact national birth rates by devaluing parenthood as a life goal for an entire generation.

Because women traditionally 'mate up' socioeconomically, the falling economic and educational status of men has shrunk the pool of 'eligible' partners. This contributes directly to a 'mating crisis' characterized by fewer relationships, delayed family formation, and lower birth rates, with broad societal consequences.

As women gain more economic power and education, they often choose to have fewer or no children. This global trend is reversing previous fears of a 'population bomb,' creating a new challenge for nations struggling to maintain population growth and support an aging populace.

Motherhood is the single greatest financial risk a woman can take, accounting for 80% of the gender pay gap. This is not due to a lack of ambition but because society assumes women will perform the unpaid labor of childcare, leading to systemic career and wage penalties.

China's plummeting birth rate is not just about cost. It's a structural issue where highly educated, professional women are opting out of childbirth because male partners are not stepping up to equally share the temporal and financial costs, creating a significant "parenthood penalty" for women.

In a clear signal of its pro-natalist policy, the Chinese government is ending a 33-year tax exemption on contraceptives while simultaneously making matchmaking services tax-free. This carrot-and-stick approach aims to socially engineer a higher birth rate to combat its demographic crisis.

Sociological data refutes the argument that welfare drives non-marital births. Rates of non-marital childbearing rose most sharply in the 1970s and 80s when the real value of welfare payments was already declining. Furthermore, rates did not fall after the major 1996 welfare reform, undermining the theory.