Capital has become commoditized with thousands of PE firms competing. The old model of buying low and selling high with minor tweaks no longer works. True value creation has shifted to hands-on operational improvements that drive long-term growth, a skill many investors lack.

A16z's decision to add Hollywood agent Michael Ovitz to their board was controversial but genius. It directly led to modeling the firm after Creative Artists Agency (CAA), a novel approach in venture capital. This shows the power of seeking board-level expertise from outside your industry to challenge core assumptions and unlock game-changing strategies.

Activists can be effective even in companies with dual-class shares or founder control. The mechanism for influence is not the threat of a proxy fight but the power of good ideas and relationships to achieve strategic alignment with the controlling party.

John Elkan's development as a leader was profoundly shaped by his decision to hire outsider Sergio Marchionne to save Fiat. Marchionne not only executed a legendary turnaround but also became a personal mentor to Elkan, demonstrating the value of external expertise in guiding the next generation of a family empire.

When evaluating investments, Danny Meyer prioritizes leadership quality over the initial concept. He believes a strong leader can pivot and improve a mediocre idea, whereas even a brilliant concept is doomed to fail under poor leadership. This highlights the primacy of execution over ideation for investors.

Experience taught Herb Wagner that great leaders consistently surprise on the upside. He now weights leadership quality far more heavily, assessing CEOs not by interviews or charisma, but by their verifiable track record and through trusted backchannel references who have worked with them directly.

Even with full board support, a successor CEO may lack the intrinsic 'moral authority' to make drastic 'burn the boats' decisions. This courage is harder to summon without the deep-seated capital a founder naturally possesses, making company-altering transformation more challenging for an outsider.

A common activist trap is 'ambulance chasing'—looking for problems to fix. ValueAct argues the correct sequence is to first identify a great company with a differentiated investment thesis. The need for influence is secondary, preventing adverse selection.

When a private equity investment thesis is primarily built around a single person (e.g., a star CEO), it's a sign of weak conviction in the underlying business. If that person fails or leaves, the entire rationale for the investment collapses, revealing a lack of fundamental belief in the company's industry or competitive position.