Fund managers are like zebras. Those in the middle (owning popular stocks) are safe from predators (getting fired), even if performance is mediocre. Those on the outside (owning unfamiliar stocks) find better grass (higher returns) but risk being the first ones eaten if an idea fails. This creates an institutional imperative to stay with the consensus.

Contrary to popular belief, the market may be getting less efficient. The dominance of indexing, quant funds, and multi-manager pods—all with short time horizons—creates dislocations. This leaves opportunities for long-term investors to buy valuable assets that are neglected because their path to value creation is uncertain.

The key to emulating professional investors isn't copying their trades but understanding their underlying strategies. Ackman uses concentration, Buffett waits for fear-driven discounts, and Wood bets on long-term innovation. Individual investors should focus on developing their own repeatable framework rather than simply following the moves of others.

Active management is more viable in emerging markets than in the US. The largest EM ETF (EEM) has a high 0.72% expense ratio, the universe of stocks is twice as large as the US, and analyst coverage is sparse. This creates significant opportunities for skilled stock pickers to outperform passive strategies.

In an era without standardized reporting, Green created her own information advantage. She personally inspected assets like rail yards, talked to workers, and even found disgruntled associates of sellers to uncover hidden flaws. This deep, primary-source due diligence was her key differentiator from other investors.

A powerful EM strategy involves identifying businesses with proven, powerful models from developed markets, like American Tower. Local EM investor bases may not be familiar with the model's potential, creating an opportunity to buy these companies at a displaced valuation before their predictable results drive multiple expansion.

Portfolio manager Eddie Elfenbein seeks an edge by focusing on high-quality but obscure companies, like tow truck or aircraft part manufacturers. With few or no analysts following them, it's easier to understand the business deeply and identify mispricings before the broader market does.

A crucial, yet unquantifiable, component of alpha is avoiding catastrophic losses. Jeff Aronson points to spending years analyzing companies his firm ultimately passed on. While this discipline doesn't appear as a positive return on a performance sheet, the act of rigorously saying "no" is a real, though invisible, driver of long-term success.

The best investment deals are not deeply discounted, low-quality items like "unsellable teal crocodile loafers." Instead, they are the rare, high-quality assets that seldom come on sale. For investors, the key is to have the conviction and preparedness to act decisively when these infrequent opportunities appear.