Many investors focus on the current size of a company's competitive advantage. A better indicator of future success is the direction of that moat—is it growing or shrinking? Focusing on the trajectory helps avoid value traps like Nokia in 2007, which had a wide but deteriorating moat.

While competitors retrench during recessions, Amphenol leverages its strong balance sheet to accelerate M&A. This counter-cyclical strategy allows it to acquire strategic assets at attractive valuations, ensuring it emerges from downturns with increased market share and strength.

Amphenol runs as a federation of autonomous business units. This structure is key to its M&A success, as acquired companies retain their brand, culture, and customer intimacy. Sellers prefer Amphenol because they know their business won't be suffocated by a monolithic corporate hierarchy.

Amphenol's components are a tiny fraction of a customer's total cost but are critical to system performance. The real value proposition is not the part itself but the confidence that the larger system won't fail. This dynamic creates high switching costs and pricing power.

Earning a high return on invested capital is only half the battle. True compounding requires the ability to redeploy large amounts of capital at similarly high rates. Amphenol achieves this through its disciplined M&A playbook in a fragmented market, answering the crucial question of reinvestment.

GE serves two distinct customers: powerful airframers for the initial sale and a fragmented base of hundreds of airlines for aftermarket services. This split forces new entrants to solve a '3D puzzle' of satisfying both technically demanding OEMs and a global user base simultaneously, creating an immense and durable barrier to entry.

High customer concentration risk is mitigated during hypergrowth phases. When customers are focused on speed and market capture, they prioritize effectiveness over efficiency. This provides a window for suppliers to extract high margins, as customers don't have the time or focus to optimize costs or build in-house alternatives.

Amphenol functions as a continuous innovation partner, not just a component supplier. A quarter of its annual sales come from products launched within the prior four years. This highlights its ability to co-develop custom solutions for emerging technological needs and avoid commoditization.

Achieve stable, linear growth by combining multiple business lines that have opposing cyclical natures. Instead of cutting a volatile but profitable unit, add a counterbalancing one. This "Fourier transform" approach smooths out revenue and creates a resilient, all-weather business.