The promise that technology—from personal computers to the internet to social media—will democratize society is a recurring ad campaign. While new tech offers democratizing potential, powerful actors and existing structures consistently adapt to re-centralize control and consolidate power.

As AI makes it increasingly easy to get answers without effort, society may split into two groups. Bernd Hobart suggests a "cognitive underclass" will opt for the ease of AI-generated solutions, while a "cognitive overclass" will deliberately engage in the now-optional hard work of critical thinking, creating a new societal divide.

As technology moves from healing to enhancement (e.g., 100x vision), it could create a permanent societal divide. If these augmentations are expensive, it may lead to a caste system where an enhanced elite possesses superior physical and cognitive abilities not available to the general population.

The same general-purpose technologies, like social media or AI, function as a wedge. They create massive productivity gains and wealth for a minority who leverage them effectively, while simultaneously distracting and disadvantaging the majority who passively consume them.

The primary cleavage in both Chinese and US online society is not political but based on wealth and agency. A deep pessimism exists among everyday users, who feel like "non-player characters" (NPCs) used by technology, contrasting sharply with the optimism of the tech elites building these systems.

AI's impact has created a deep divide. Roughly half of tech workers feel amplified and excited by the technology, while the other half feel their roles have become unclear, devalued, or threatened, leading to anxiety and uncertainty.

The widespread fear of AI is not about the technology itself but is a symptom of extreme wealth inequality. With opportunity already hoarded by the wealthy, the median person feels vulnerable to any disruption. The AI panic is thus the latest expression of a society where economic dignity is already eroded.

The AI revolution will likely bifurcate the job market into a barbell shape. A 'productive class' will master AI and remain economically viable, while an 'unproductive or charity class' will be forced out of the system. This economic displacement will likely fuel anger, resentment, and social violence.

A stark wealth divide is emerging in Silicon Valley. While a few thousand AI employees have become massively wealthy, many highly-paid software engineers feel their skills are obsolete. This has created a deep malaise and a fear of becoming a "permanent underclass" in the new AI economy.