Data reveals an extreme power law where model labs OpenAI and Anthropic capture nearly all AI startup revenue, and their share is growing. This indicates value is accruing to the foundational layer, posing an existential threat to the long-term viability of application-focused startups.

Massive investments like Amazon's $50B into OpenAI, coupled with Apple's partnership with Google, suggest the formation of powerful, competing AI ecosystems. These blocs will battle for dominance across hardware, cloud, and enterprise services, defining the next tech era.

Google holds a paradoxical position in the AI race. While it leads legacy tech giants like Apple and Microsoft in AI model building and application, it still trails dedicated AI labs like OpenAI and Anthropic in releasing cutting-edge models.

Despite massive investment, the race to build advanced AI models is narrowing to just three serious US competitors: OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google. Competitors like Meta and Elon Musk's xAI are falling behind due to internal chaos and strategic resets, concentrating power among a few key players.

Cloud providers like Amazon and Google benefit regardless of which AI model wins. By structuring deals as large-scale compute commitments in exchange for equity (e.g., with Anthropic), they profit from cloud usage fees, drive adoption of their in-house silicon, and gain visibility into data center capex recovery, effectively hedging their bets across the entire AI ecosystem.

Apple is letting rivals like Google spend billions on building AI infrastructure. Apple's plan is to then license the winning large language models for cheap and integrate them into its massive ecosystem of 2.5 billion devices, leveraging its distribution power without the immense capital expenditure.

Despite a booming AI startup ecosystem, revenue is intensely concentrated. Foundational model providers OpenAI and Anthropic capture nearly 90% of the market, and their share is growing, squeezing out application-layer companies.

The current AI landscape mirrors the historic Windows-Intel duopoly. OpenAI is the new Microsoft, controlling the user-facing software layer, while NVIDIA acts as the new Intel, dominating essential chip infrastructure. This parallel suggests a long-term power concentration is forming.

Alex Sacerdote argues the AI foundational model space is narrowing to an oligopoly of OpenAI, Anthropic, and Google, much like the cloud market consolidated around AWS, Azure, and GCP. This structure creates durable, profitable businesses for the winners.