Startups often fail to displace incumbents because they become successful 'point solutions' and get acquired. The harder path to a much larger outcome is to build the entire integrated stack from the start, but initially serve a simpler, down-market customer segment before moving up.

The most effective way to enter a niche is by first becoming the customer. Bodhi Gallo's marketing agency for home services succeeded because he first ran a dumpster company, learning the industry's language and pain points firsthand, giving him an authentic edge over competitors.

Indiegogo intentionally launched by focusing only on the film industry, using it as a beachhead market to prove their model, similar to how Amazon started with books. This niche focus was a strategic choice before expanding to all categories, which ultimately unlocked massive growth.

When moving beyond your initial niche, target adjacent verticals. For example, a company serving realtors should target mortgage brokers next, not an unrelated field like lawn maintenance. This strategy maximizes the transfer of product features, market knowledge, and potential word-of-mouth.

Niching down allows you to dominate a small pond with less competition, enabling higher prices and faster learning. Once you're the "biggest guy in a puddle," you use your acquired skills and resources to graduate to a pond, then a lake, and finally the ocean.

A key lesson from Spotify CEO Daniel Ek is to first dominate a core market (music), then strategically "ladder" into adjacent areas (podcasts, audiobooks) that leverage the existing user base and interface. This methodical expansion builds on a position of strength rather than starting from scratch.

Dara Khosrowshahi argues that entrepreneurs over-index on Total Addressable Market (TAM), which he sees mainly as a fundraising tool. The real focus should be on proving product-market fit and solid unit economics in a small, defensible niche. Once that's established, you can expand into adjacent markets.

Well-funded startups are pressured by investors to target large markets. This strategic constraint allows bootstrapped founders to outmaneuver them by focusing on and dominating a specific niche that is too small for the venture-backed competitor to justify.

Don't fear competitive "red oceans"; they signal huge demand. The winning strategy is to start in an artificially constrained niche (a puddle) where you can dominate. Once you're the biggest fish there, sequentially expand your market to a pond, then a lake, and finally the ocean.