Buffett capitalized on a 30% stock drop in United Healthcare following the CEO's tragic death and regulatory issues. He looked past the short-term crisis to the company's long-term fundamentals, demonstrating his principle of investing in strong companies when market sentiment is at its most fearful.

The key to emulating professional investors isn't copying their trades but understanding their underlying strategies. Ackman uses concentration, Buffett waits for fear-driven discounts, and Wood bets on long-term innovation. Individual investors should focus on developing their own repeatable framework rather than simply following the moves of others.

Don't chase every deal. Like a spearfisherman, anchor in a strategic area and wait patiently for the 'big fish'—a once-in-a-decade opportunity—then act decisively. This requires years of preparation and the discipline to let smaller opportunities pass by, focusing only on transformative deals.

Strong, cash-rich businesses often become unfocused and bloated, tolerating poor decisions that would bankrupt lesser firms. ValueAct Capital calls this the 'disease of abundance,' which they aim to cure by refocusing management on core strengths.

Instead of engaging in a costly activist battle himself, Buffett practiced Sun Tzu's principle of 'winning without conflict'. He waited until activists like Icahn and Einhorn had pressured Apple's management to implement a shareholder-friendly buyback policy. Once the opportunity was 'perfected' by others, he deployed capital peacefully and massively.

Buffett’s legendary Apple investment came only after activists like Carl Icahn had already pressured the company into large-scale buybacks. He patiently waited for others to fix the company’s capital allocation flaws, entering the investment only after it was "perfected." This strategy allowed him to win without engaging in the initial conflict.

A common activist trap is 'ambulance chasing'—looking for problems to fix. ValueAct argues the correct sequence is to first identify a great company with a differentiated investment thesis. The need for influence is secondary, preventing adverse selection.

Buffett's strategy is to generate annual returns for shareholders. His moves, like holding cash, reflect his expert assessment of short-term market opportunities. Average investors with multi-decade horizons should not mimic him but rather see it as a data point for near-term volatility.

Contrary to Modern Portfolio Theory, which links higher returns to higher risk (volatility), Buffett's approach demonstrates an inverse relationship at the point of purchase. The greater the discount to a company's intrinsic value, the lower the risk of permanent loss and the higher the potential for returns. Risk and reward are not a trade-off but are both improved by a cheaper price.