Paradoxically, tariffs intended to punish China could result in it facing lower duty rates than US allies like Japan or South Korea. This is because China possesses unique retaliatory leverage (e.g., rare earths) to force targeted tariff reductions from the U.S., an option unavailable to other nations.

The Biden administration's approach to China tariffs was more effective because it was highly targeted at strategic industries and coupled with domestic incentives. Simply imposing broad tariffs is insufficient; smart policy requires pairing trade restrictions with domestic investment to build competitive capacity in areas like semiconductors and batteries.

The tariff war was not primarily about revenue but a strategic move to create an "artificial negotiating point." By imposing tariffs, the U.S. could then offer reductions in exchange for European countries committing to American technology and supply chains over China's growing, low-cost alternatives.

While U.S. fiscal deficits remain high, new tariffs are reducing the trade deficit. This means fewer U.S. dollars are flowing abroad to foreign entities who would typically recycle them into buying U.S. assets like treasuries. This dynamic creates a dollar liquidity crunch, strengthening the dollar.

The US is signaling a major shift from its long-standing 'King Dollar' policy. By being willing to devalue the dollar, it can strategically intervene in currency markets to bolster allies like Japan while simultaneously hurting economic adversaries like China by making US manufacturing more competitive.

The success of tariffs hinges on the insight that China's economic model prioritizes volume and employment over per-unit profitability. This creates a vulnerability where Chinese producers are forced to absorb tariff costs to maintain output, effectively subsidizing the tariff revenue and preventing significant price increases for US consumers.

Unlike the first term's China focus, the Trump 2.0 tariff policy is primarily a domestic tool to raise $300-$400 billion in revenue. This leads to strategically incoherent outcomes, such as imposing higher tariffs on allies like Switzerland than on China, driven by fiscal needs rather than foreign policy goals.

Unlike previous administrations that used trade policy for domestic economic goals, Trump's approach is distinguished by his willingness to wield tariffs as a broad geopolitical weapon against allies and adversaries alike, from Canada to India.

Far from being a precise tool against China, recent US tariffs act as a blunt instrument that harms America's own interests. They tax raw materials and machine tools needed for domestic production and hit allies harder than adversaries. This alienates partners, disrupts supply chains, and pushes the world towards a 'World Minus One' economic coalition excluding the US.