Swedish serial acquirer Bergman & Beving uses a "profit to working capital > 45%" ratio as its core KPI. This forces subsidiaries to generate enough cash to cover taxes, dividends, and internal investments, ensuring growth is self-funded and disciplined without relying on external capital.

Sears' decline was epitomized by a CEO who felt like a "stranger" in his own stores and pursued abstract corporate strategies. In contrast, Home Depot mandated that every executive spend time on the floor, ensuring that strategic decisions were grounded in the reality of the customer experience.

A near-bankruptcy experience instilled in Ed Stack an aversion to debt. This "paranoid" financial discipline, while criticized by Wall Street as suboptimal, became a key strategic advantage. By self-funding growth, Dick's maintained control and agility, allowing it to survive downturns that crushed its highly-leveraged competitors.

Home Depot's founders were fired from their previous company, a setback that seemed devastating. This perceived failure freed them to pursue their own, more ambitious vision, highlighting how professional setbacks can unlock greater entrepreneurial opportunities.

Instead of chasing massive, immediate growth, Chomps' founders focused on a sustainable, self-funded model. This gradual scaling allowed them to control their destiny, prove their model, and avoid the pressures of early-stage investors, which had burned one founder before.

Home Depot's decentralized model gives regional presidents significant autonomy but with clear, unspoken boundaries—the "invisible fence." This fosters local ownership and agility while ensuring alignment with core company principles. Crossing the line results in a "zap," maintaining strategic cohesion without micromanagement.

Home Depot's founder, Bernie Marcus, walked away from a crucial $2M investment from Ross Perot over minor control issues, like what car he drove. He prioritized partner alignment over immediate capital, believing a bad partner would inevitably doom the venture, regardless of the money.

Business growth isn't linear. Scaling up introduces novel challenges in complexity, cost, and logistics that were non-existent at a smaller size. For example, doubling manufacturing capacity creates new shipping and specialized hiring problems that leadership must anticipate and solve.