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The concept of a "risk-free asset" is a simplification for mathematical convenience, not a reality. The safety of government bonds is entirely contingent on the prevailing political and economic climate. In today's high-debt world, assuming they are risk-free is a critical mistake.
Contrary to central bank theories, falling term premia do not reflect low inflation expectations. Instead, they signal investors' rising demand for safe-haven government bonds as liquidity tightens and systemic risks grow. It is a risk-off signal, not a risk-on one.
Due to concerns over the U.S. fiscal outlook and political instability, some investors are subverting traditional risk models. They see the highly liquid S&P 500, with its exposure to global growth, as a more reliable store of value than U.S. government debt, blurring the line between 'risk-free' and 'risky' assets.
Investors should reframe uncertainty not as something to be feared, but as the fundamental source of opportunity. If there were no uncertainty, all investments would offer the same risk-free return. The challenge is not to avoid uncertainty, but to manage it through a disciplined plan.
Since leaving the gold standard in 1971, the default government response to any financial crisis has been to expand the money supply. This creates a persistent, long-term inflationary pressure that investors must factor into their strategies, particularly for fixed-income assets.
In the current market, assets historically considered safe are failing to provide stability. Gold's price was already high, causing it to fall with stocks. The US dollar is flat. Government bonds are undermined by inflation fears and massive government borrowing, making them an unreliable refuge during crises.
Despite recent concerns about private credit quality, the most rapid and substantial growth in debt since the GFC has occurred in the government sector. This makes the government bond market, not private credit, the most likely source of a future systemic crisis, especially in a rising rate environment.
Contrary to their "safe haven" reputation, U.S. bonds experienced a prolonged period of poor performance. From the early 1910s to 1981, rising inflation and interest rates meant bondholders lost purchasing power, challenging the assumption of bonds as a stable, long-term store of value.
The perception of government bonds as 'safe' is challenged by history. In the 35 years following WWII (1945-1980), a period of inflation and financial repression, investors in most global government bond markets saw the real value of their capital decimated.
For 40 years, falling rates pushed 'safe' bond funds into increasingly risky assets to chase yield. With rates now rising, these mis-categorized portfolios are the most vulnerable part of the financial system. A crisis in credit or sovereign debt is more probable than a stock-market-led crash.
Massive government issuance is crowding out private credit and making sovereign bonds inherently riskier. This dynamic is collapsing credit spreads and could lead to a market where high-quality corporate bonds are perceived as safer than government debt, challenging the concept of a 'risk-free' asset.