Contrary to the current VC trope that 'product is not a moat,' a truly differentiated product experience can be a powerful defense, especially in crowded markets. When competitors are effectively clones of an existing tool (like VS Code), a unique, hard-to-replicate product like Warp creates significant stickiness and defensibility.

The stickiest software is critical but inexpensive relative to a customer's overall budget, like payroll services. This 'Goldilocks zone' makes the software too small a cost for C-suite review, yet too embedded to easily replace, creating a powerful moat.

Conventional wisdom suggests attacking an incumbent's weak points. Serval did the opposite with ServiceNow, targeting its core strength: configurability. By using AI to make customization drastically faster and easier, they offered a superior version of the feature that locks customers in, creating a compelling reason to switch.

For subscription services, the most effective moat isn't the software itself, which can be replicated, but the accumulated user data. Users are reluctant to switch apps because they would lose years of personal history, stats, and community connections, creating strong lock-in.

A successful platform strategy focuses on leverage. It provides building blocks that reduce internal effort to launch new products, while delivering a seamless, integrated experience that creates lock-in for customers. This leverage is the platform's core value proposition.

As AI commoditizes user interfaces, enduring value will reside in the backend systems that are the authoritative source of data (e.g., payroll, financial records). These 'systems of record' are sticky due to regulation, business process integration, and high switching costs.

A powerful, non-obvious moat for software is deep integration with hardware. DJ software Serato partnered with hardware makers like Pioneer, becoming the industry standard. This makes switching extremely costly for users who have invested thousands in hardware, creating a durable competitive advantage.

Don't just sell a product; become an indispensable part of your customer's workflow. By offering integrated products and services, you create a value ecosystem that locks out competitors and makes leaving an impractical and undesirable option.

Excel's market dominance stems from Microsoft's strategy of bundling it into the non-negotiable Microsoft Office suite. This made it impossible for enterprise customers to purchase software à la carte, effectively locking out competitors and making individual user preference irrelevant.