Commodore Perry's "black ships" forced Japan to open to the West. The subsequent military humiliation of the samurai-led government by technologically superior foreign powers shattered their prestige, triggering the Meiji Restoration and the rapid abolition of the entire samurai class.

Societies with rampant polygyny suffered from "young male syndrome"—a surplus of unpartnered men causing chaos. Adopting monogamy as a cultural norm gave these men a stake in society, redirecting their energy from competition and violence towards family and community building, ultimately allowing those cultures to flourish.

Contrary to popular belief, 'Bushido' (The Way of the Warrior) is not an ancient code. It was largely invented in the post-samurai era of the late 19th century, fusing Japanese traditions with Western ideas like the English gentleman ideal and European chivalry.

Early samurai were viewed as low-class outsiders by the sophisticated imperial court. To combat this snobbery and establish their own legitimacy, they developed demanding ideals, moral codes, and myths, an urgent social necessity for an upwardly mobile class.

During the peaceful Tokugawa Shogunate era, the samurai class functioned primarily as civil administrators. Despite the lack of warfare, they were legally obligated to maintain military readiness and wear armor, effectively role-playing as the warriors their ancestors had been.

The word 'samurai' did not originally mean warrior. Its literal meaning is 'a vassal, a subordinate, a person who is in service to a great lord.' This reflects the early medieval period when warriors were considered low-class outsiders by the ruling court aristocracy.

Taira no Masakado, hailed as the first samurai, was not a commoner but a member of the imperial family. His turn to provincial warfare was driven by a bitter sense of being snubbed by the central court, culminating in him declaring himself a new emperor in the east.

Unlike in medieval Europe, the ruling class in Japan's imperial court in Kyoto valued arts like poetry over military prowess. Warriors were seen as uncouth and vulgar. This cultural contempt for violence led the aristocracy to neglect military power, enabling the rise of the samurai.

In Japan, 98% of adoptions are of adult men, a practice used to ensure business continuity. Companies like Suzuki and Toyota have maintained family control for generations by adopting capable managers, who may also marry into the family, to serve as successors. This prioritizes talent over bloodline for long-term stability.